首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
21.Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis--you attempt to determine
21.Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis--you attempt to determine
admin
2013-01-12
34
问题
21.
Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis--you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect. When you try to answer a question that what if, you attempt to determine what effect will result from a particular cause. You will have frequent opportunity to use cause- and-effect analysis in the writing that you will do in college.
For example, in history you might be asked to determine the causes of the Seven Day War between Egypt and Israel. In political science you might be asked to determine the reasons why Ronald Reagan won the 1984 Presidential election. And in sociology you might be asked to predict the effect that changes in Social Security legislation would have on senior citizens.
22.
Determining causes and effects is usually thought provoking and quite complex. One reason for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate cause, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and perhaps even hidden. Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate causes, this creating a causal chain.
For example, consider the following causal chain; Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with an important client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: The large sale cause her to be promoted by her employer (effect).
A second reason why causal analysis can be so complex is that an effect may have any number of possible or actual causes, and a cause may have any number of possible or actual effects. 23.
An upset stomach may be caused by eating spoiled food, but it may also be caused by overeating, flu, allergy, nervousness, pregnancy, or any combination of factors. Similarly, the high cost of electricity may have multiple effects: higher profits for utility companies, fewer sales of electrical appliances, higher prices for other products, and the development of alternative sources of energy. Sound reasoning and logic are central to any causal analysis.
Writers of believable causal analysis examine their material objectively and develop their essays carefully. They are convinced by their own examination of the material, but are not afraid to admit other possible causes and effects.
Because people are accustomed to thinking of causes with their effects, they sometimes commit an error in logic known as the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. 24.
This fallacy leads people to believe that because one event occurred after another event, the first event somehow caused the second. That is, they sometimes make causal connection that are not proved. For example, if students began to perform better after a free breakfast program was instituted at their school, one could not assume that the improvement was caused by the breakfast program. There could of course be any number of other causes for this effect, and a responsible writer on the subject would analyze and consider them all before suggesting the cause.
选项
答案
决定因果关系通常颇费思量且十分复杂,原因之一是有两种原因:直接原因和终极原因。直接原因是显而易见的,因为它们与结果的关系十分密切。终极原因与结果的关系不那么密切,因此不那么明显,也许是隐性的。而且,终极原因造成的结果本身可能变成直接原因,这会造成一个因果链。
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Ri9O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Anumberofresearchershaveexaminedthevariables/strategiesthataffectstudents’learningEnglishasasecondlanguage.This
Anumberofresearchershaveexaminedthevariables/strategiesthataffectstudents’learningEnglishasasecondlanguage.This
InmostAmericancities,therentforaone-bedroomapartmentwas$250ormorepermonthinrecentyears.Insomesmallercities
Thefoodyoueatdoesmorethanprovideenergy.Itcanhaveadramaticeffectonyourbody’sabilitytofightoffheartdisease,
Indeed,______maydevelopinbehavioroccurringbetweendifferentspecies.
Hisplanisnotpracticalandis______tofailure.
Thepolicehaveofferedalarge______forinformationleadingtotherobber’sarrest.
AnAmericanliterarycritic,humorousjournalist,essayist,whosecomicskepticismabouthumanprogress,expressedwithpenetrat
Thebusmovedslowlyinthethickfog.Wearrivedatour_____almosttwohourslater.
随机试题
阶级斗争即()
小脑后叶中间带受损后将出现下列哪些症状
男性,30岁,2个月来感右下肢无力,左下半身麻木。查体:左侧乳头水平以下痛觉和温度觉减退,右下肢腱反射亢进,右侧Babinski征阳性,右侧髂前上棘以下音叉震动觉减退,右足趾位置觉减退。此病变部位应考虑在
介水传染病是指
在机电工程中,板材以()最常用。能承受机械外力作用,但不能承受大的拉力,可敷设在地下的电缆是()。
H公司持有甲企业100%的股权,每股计税基础是3元,公允价5元,拥有150万股。乙企业收购H公司的80%股权,乙企业支付的对价中,支付给H公司60万股股份,每股公允价9元,支付银行存款60万元,其他条件符合股权转让特殊性税务处理的有关规定并选择按特殊性
《信条》原文下面是我的信条:我真正需要知道的一切,即怎么样生活、怎样做事和怎样为人,我在幼儿园就学过。智慧并不在高等学府的大山顶上,倒是出自每日学校里孩子们玩的沙堆中。下面就是我学到的东西。有东西大家分享。公平游戏。不打人。交还你捡到的东西。
“代替那存在着阶级和阶级对立的资产阶级旧社会的,将是这样一个联合体,在那里,每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件。”这段话出自
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhich,when【C1】______nitroglycerine(硝化甘油),wouldmakeex
劳动密集型企业的末日即将到来,这对中国和世界意味着什么呢?与传统想法不同,这并不表示外国企业会关闭中国的工厂,转战劳动力更便宜的国家。实际上。中国是绝佳的制造地。其他国家的劳动力或许更便宜,但劳动力只是众多成本的一部分。中国与其竞争对手不同,有必要的基础设
最新回复
(
0
)