首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1)The Term "CYBERSPACE" was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and
(1)The Term "CYBERSPACE" was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and
admin
2016-04-30
94
问题
(1)The Term "CYBERSPACE" was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel, "Neuromancer" , whose main character, Henry Dorsett Case, is a troubled computer hacker and drug addict. In the book Mr Gibson describes cyberspace as "a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators" and "a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. "
(2)His literary creation turned out to be remarkably prescient(有先见之明的). Cyberspace has become symbolic of the computing devices, networks, fibre-optic cables, wireless links and other infrastructure that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The myriad connections forged by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to tap into humanity’s collective store of knowledge every day.
(3)But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data breaches are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through such attacks. Among the most prominent recent victims has been Target, whose chief executive, Gregg Steinhafel, stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant American retailer revealed that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit- and debit-card details. Other well-known firms such as Adobe, a tech company, and eBay, an online marketplace, have also been hit.
(4)The potential damage, though, extends well beyond such commercial incursions. Wider concerns have been raised by the revelations about the mass surveillance carried out by Western intelligence agencies made by Edward Snowden, a contractor to America’s National Security Agency(NSA), as well as by the growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countries that see cyberspace as a new domain of warfare. America’s President, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release earlier this year that cyber-threats "pose one of the gravest national-security dangers" the country is facing.
(5)Securing cyberspace is hard because the architecture of the internet was designed to promote connectivity, not security. Its founders focused on getting it to work and did not worry much about threats because the network was affiliated with America’s military. As hackers turned up, layers of security, from antivirus programs to firewalls, were added to try to keep them at bay. Gartner, a research firm, reckons that last year organizations around the globe spent $ 67 billion on information security.
(6)On the whole, these defenses have worked reasonably well. For all the talk about the risk of a "cyber 9/11" , the internet has proved remarkably resilient. Hundreds of millions of people turn on their computers every day and bank online, shop at virtual stores, swap gossip and photos with their friends on social networks and send all kinds of sensitive data over the web without ill effect. Companies and governments are shifting ever more services online.
(7)But the task is becoming harder. Cyber-security, which involves protecting both data and people, is facing multiple threats, notably cybercrime and online industrial espionage, both of which are growing rapidly. A recent estimate by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies(CSIS), puts the annual global cost of digital crime and intellectual-property theft at $ 445 billion—a sum roughly equivalent to the GDP of a smallish rich European country such as Austria.
(8)To add to the worries, there is also the risk of cyber-sabotage. Terrorists or agents of hostile powers could mount attacks on companies and systems that control vital parts of an economy, including power stations, electrical grids and communications networks. Such attacks are hard to pull off, but not impossible. One precedent is the destruction in 2010 of centrifuges(离心机)at a nuclear facility in Iran by a computer program known as Stuxnet.
(9)But such events are rare. The biggest day-to-day threats faced by companies and government agencies come from crooks and spooks hoping to steal financial data and trade secrets. For example, smarter, better-organized hackers are making life tougher for the cyber-defenders, but even so a number of things can be done to keep everyone safer than they are now.
(10)One is to ensure that organizations get the basics of cyber-security right. All too often breaches are caused by simple blunders, such as failing to separate systems containing sensitive data from those that do not need access to them. Companies also need to get better at anticipating where attacks may be coming from and at adapting their defenses swiftly in response to new threats. Technology can help, as can industry initiatives that allow firms to share intelligence about risks with each other.
(11)There is also a need to provide incentives to improve cyber-security, be they carrots or sticks. One idea is to encourage internet-service providers, or the companies that manage internet connections, to shoulder more responsibility for identifying and helping to clean up computers infected with malicious software. Another is to find ways to ensure that software developers produce code with fewer flaws in it so that hackers have fewer security holes to exploit.
(12)An additional reason for getting tech companies to give a higher priority to security is that cyberspace is about to undergo another massive change. Over the next few years billions of new devices, from cars to household appliances and medical equipment, will be fitted with tiny computers that connect them to the web and make them more useful. Dubbed "the internet of things" , this is already making it possible, for example, to control home appliances using smartphone apps and to monitor medical devices remotely.
(13)But unless these systems have adequate security protection, the internet of things could easily become the internet of new things to be hacked. Plenty of people are eager to take advantage of any weaknesses they may spot. Hacking used to be about geeky college kids tapping away in their bedrooms to annoy their elders. It has grown up with a vengeance.
Cyberspace is described by William Gibson as______.
选项
A、a function only legitimate computer operators have
B、a representation of data from the human system
C、an important element stored in the human system
D、an illusion held by the common computer users
答案
B
解析
细节理解题。根据题干中的William Gibson定位至第一段。在该段最后一句中,作者引用作家威廉·吉布森的原话,说他将网络空间描述成“数十亿合法操作者每日共同经历的幻觉”和“以图表形式呈现的从每一个人类电脑系统的芯片中提取出的数据”,可见选项[B]“人类系统数据的呈现”符合原文,而选项[D]虽与第一个引号中的内容接近,但忽略了原文中legitimate“合法的”一词,故[B]为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/S17O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
StrategiesforWritingaLiteratureReviewAliteraturereviewdiscussespublishedinformationinaparticularsubjectarea.
ItisundeniablethatEnglishisbeginningtobecomeagloballanguageinmostpartsoftheworldbyandlarge.Itisspokenfre
UsingMindMapstoDevelopOurWritingBesidesreadingmore,thinkingmuch,seekingmuch,usingmindmapsisalsoanimport
Thereisanever-endingsupplyofbusinessgurustellingushowwecan,andmust,domore.SherylSandbergurgeswomento"Lean
ThemoststrikingphoneticdifferencebetweenAmericanandBritishEnglishisthepronunciationof______inwords.
Sincemultinationalsfirststartedscouringtheearthforlaborandmarkets,theirinterestshavealwaysgonebeyondthatofthe
Thegrandmotherdidn’twanttogotoFlorida.ShewantedtovisitsomeofherconnectionsineastTennesseeandshewasseizing
冬天,在四周围都是山地的这里,看见太阳的日子真是太少了。今天,难得雾是这么稀薄,空中融融地混合着金黄的阳光,把地上的一切,好像也罩上一层欢笑的颜色。我走出了这黝黯的小阁,这个作为我们办公的地方(它整年关住我!),我扬着脖子,张开了我的双臂,恨不得
A、Enthusiastic.B、Perseverant.C、Eloquent.D、Cooperative.C本题设题点在对话问答处。根据句(5—1)可知,他做事往往充满热忱,且善始善终,故排除[A];根据句(5—2)可知,他不善于言辞,故排除[B
A、Thesizeoftheiroffices.B、Thehighsalary.C、Theresultoftheirjobsdone.D、Theresultofthecompetition.C本题设题点在观点态度处。根
随机试题
Therewillbe,wehope,agoodbeginning.
唯理论的代表人物是()。
________,苒苒物华休。
村民甲(18周岁)路过村民乙家门口时,用一块石头向乙家所养且卧在乙家门口的狗打去,该狗立即扑向甲,甲被狗咬,同时狗咬伤了甲旁边的行人丙。丙因躲避,将路边丁叫卖的西瓜踩碎三个。丙因治伤支付医药费80元。丁的三个西瓜价值16元。下列说法正确的是:
我国出口结汇的方法有()。
创新能力不仅是一种智力特征,更是一种______,是一种精神状态。
中国的一年四季,季季都令人神往。春日______,夏天绿荫满枝,秋时______,冬日银装素裹。
设两个随机变量X与Y相互独立且同分布,P(X=一1)=P(Y=一1)=,P(X=1)=P(Y=1)=,则下列各式成立的是
WhichofthefollowingsentencesisaREQUEST?
Onelunchtime,MayWardwasdoinghershoppinginalocalsupermarket,whenshesuddenlyslippedandfell.Shewasbadlyshaken
最新回复
(
0
)