Cultural Characteristics & Websites I. High and low context cultures A. High-context communication: depend on factors【T1】_____:【

Cultural Characteristics & Websites
Good morning everyone. Today, we are going to discuss the cultural characteristics affecting the way people see your websites. We all understand that the cultural aspects of a website’s audience will, or should, drastically affect the design of the website. This is according to most researchers in culture and communication, as well as plain old common sense. After all, culture influences just about every aspect of our lives, like what we eat, how we dress, or how we talk, so it makes perfect sense that it would affect the websites we look at and, most importantly, how we look at them. The following cultural variables are drawn from the work of Geert Hofstede, and Edward Hall and are specifically defined in the ways they affect website design.
First of all, high and low context cultures.[1]When we depend on factors other than language to communicate, such as who is speaking, where they are speaking, or how they are dressed when they are speaking, we call that high-context communication, because we rely highly on the context in which the communication takes place. Conversely, when we only use the language spoken or written, as in a courtroom or as found in a contract, we call that low-context communication, because little in the context of the situation helps us communicate.[2]Cultures predominately high-context are typically Asian, Indian and Middle Eastern Cultures. Low-Context cultures are typically those in Western Europe and the US. Other cultural regions will fall somewhere along the middle of the spectrum.
Websites designed for high-context cultures often include a number of images, especially images associated with the ideas communicated on the website. What you’ll usually find is that these images are culturally unique, meaning that they’re really only understood by people within that culture.[3]To Westerners, high-context websites look "busy" and "unorganised" but all of those icons, images, flashing banners and such add to the communication of someone from a high-context culture. For example, look at the Coca Cola website made for China or Japan, and compare it to the site made for the US or Germany,[4]which are low-context and contain very explicit explanations of icons, images and meanings. Often, US websites will allow the user to quickly find information and "get down to business" without the "distractions" of "busy" images and such.
Secondly, high and low power distance. Cultures will approach power differently. In some cultures it’s normal for people in a powerful position to be given special favors at the grocery store, around town, or on the street. This would be considered normal. Even in lieu of receiving special physical goods, those in powerful positions would at least be highly respected and afforded that respect in a number of ways, through bowing, by addressing the person by their station, etc.[5]A professor in Russia, for example, would be treated as someone with much power and esteem both on and off campus. In the US, meanwhile, I’m lucky if my students stay awake through a lecture, and they never pay attention to me when I see them in the grocery store. Russia is considered high-power distance while the US is low-power distance.
[6]Websites designed for cultures expressing high-power distance will typically feature images and icons representing power: large buildings, finance, crests or shields, men in suits, etc.[7]Conversely, designing for cultures with a lower-power distance will require expressions that feature a more democratic, everyone-is-equal message. Images would include people all at the same level wearing clothing that doesn’t distinguish one as having more power than others. Men and women would both be featured,[81 as would less business and structure and more images of family and expressions of equality.
Finally, masculine and feminine cultures. When thinking about the extent to which a culture may be said to be more masculine or feminine we have to remember that the cultural values are shared by both sexes.[9]More masculine cultures tend to emphasize competitiveness, assertiveness, and ambition, and value wealth and material possessions. On the other hand, more feminine cultures see relationships and the quality of life as more important. Not surprisingly, masculine cultures have a more rigid view of male and female roles, whereas feminine cultures see men and women as able to be very flexible in the roles they play.[10]Japan is shown by Hofstede to be the most masculine culture(rating 95 on the scale)and Sweden the most feminine(rating 5).[11]If you are working in a culture that is more masculine than your own, you may find you are expected to put work goals before personal ones. Thus working overtime, allowing work to encroach into personal time, and not developing personal relationships may be normal. You may have the sense that people live to work. If you are working in a more feminine culture, then relationships, avoidance of conflict and concern for the welfare of others will be more noticeable.[12]People work to live and probably have a better understanding of the need for a work/life balance.
Websites designed for cultures more predominantly feminine would display men and women—[13]actually most everybody—as equals, and would include images of nature and[14]would use colors associated with nature, greens, browns, etc. Websites reflecting their predominantly feminine culture can be found from France and Scandinavian countries.[15]Opposed to these qualities are examples of a masculine culture, exemplified in images of power—such as men in business suits—or images associated with wealth or winning. Colors would focus on cool blues, silvers, grays, reds and blacks. Websites found in Mexico often display these types of expressions.
OK I have covered three variables of cultures and how they influence the design of websites. Let us remember that culture is one of the most critical characteristics that determine how an audience views a website. So understanding how to take into account important cultural characteristics is essential to effective design.