首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Statistic Ⅰ. The defendant is guilty or not? 1) Expert: A. A DNA sample【1】defendant’s.
Statistic Ⅰ. The defendant is guilty or not? 1) Expert: A. A DNA sample【1】defendant’s.
admin
2011-03-10
9
问题
Statistic
Ⅰ. The defendant is guilty or not?
1) Expert:
A. A DNA sample【1】defendant’s. 【1】______
B. The possibility of odds is one in million.
2) Defense lawyer:
Counter the fact that if in a city of three million people, there are【2】【2】______
matching each other’s DNA.
Ⅱ. Unjust discrimination?
1) Universities add additional points to minority group students.
They unlawfully make an easier【3】for those students. 【3】______
2) Annie was kept from【4】. Her lawyer used statistics to show 【4】______
that workers, who were not in【5】group, with the same 【5】______
qualifications were promoted.
3) Tobacco companies won the cases because of the【6】. 【6】______
Warning: statistics should be【7】along with other evidence. 【7】______
Ⅲ. Statistics in calculation:
1)【8】analysis: e.g. Bert could no longer work. Statisticians 【8】______
predict how long he could work and how long he could have made.
2) Multiple regression analysis: Statistician finds the "best fit"
for all the sample data when multiple independent【9】are at work. 【9】______
Ⅳ. Statistics on the witness stand:
--experts know how to make statistics【10】 【10】______
--cross examine and challenge the validity of statistics
【3】
Statistics
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Today, we are going to have a lecture on statistics. Firstly, let’s see the effect of statistics in the courtroom.
After the November 2000 election, Americans waited while court challenges debated who won Florida’s electoral votes. In Palm Beach County, third-party candidate Pat Buchanan got a higher percentage of votes than he did elsewhere. Was that because the country’s "butterfly ballot" caused many Albert Gore supporters to punch the wrong hole? Lawyers also argued about other claimed irregularities in the balloting.
The Supreme Court finally stopped all vote recounts in early December. But if Gore’s statistical arguments had convinced the judges, he would have become president instead of George W. Bush. More than ever, plaintiffs must often prove their case with numbers. Let’s see’ how statistics is taking center stage in some other courtroom cases.
Let’s see the first case whether the defendant is guilty or not.
Imagine you’re on the jury in a murder case. An expert testifies about DNA evidence. She says that a sample from the crime scene matches a defendant’s. She also gives the odds that someone else would randomly match the tested fragments. If the odds are one in a million, the makes it sound very likely that the defendant is, in fact, guilty. The defense lawyer may try to counter that by saying that in a city of three million people, at least two others would also probably match. Of course, the defendant was not arrested at random. Almost always, police have some other evidence linking a person to a crime. But the statistics supporting DNA evidence may be just the proof needed to find someone guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Now, I would like you to look at the cases against unjust discrimination.
In a U.S. Supreme Court case earlier this year, lawyers argued over whether a state university’s admission plan unlawfully added points for students from certain minority groups. Statistically, that made it easier for those students to get in. Statistics factors into other discrimination cases, too. Suppose Annie claims that unlawful discrimination kept her from getting a promotion. Her lawyers may use statistics to show that workers with the same qualifications were significantly more likely to get promotions if they were male or not in a minority group. If the employer can’t show that Annie didn’t do her job well, she could then win her case.
Age, family history, exercise habits, diet, weight, and other factors affect the likelihood of developing cancer, heart disease, and other illnesses. For years, tobacco companies said that smoking was not the cause of plaintiffs getting sick. They won most cases against them. Then, judges and juries listened to statistical evidence that even when other factors were equal, smokers had much higher disease risks. Finally, some cases started to hold tobacco companies liable, or legally responsible.
Of course, the plaintiffs had other evidence, too. Tobacco companies own documents showed that they knew about disease risks. Yet their ads still targeted young people. In other words, the statistics did not stand alone. When using statistics, it is important to understand that statistical evidence complements other forms of evidence. Statistical evidence should be evaluated along with other evidence and not alone.
And then how can the court work out the compensation the victims should gain? Statistics help add up damages actually. Statistics help decide how much people or companies must pay if they are liable. Suppose a defect in a car caused an accident. As a result, Bert could no longer work. Statistics could show how long Bert would other wise have worked and how much he probably would have made. When two variables correlate with each other statisticians can often predict one value from another with regression analysis. If someone plotted all the data points on a scatter plot, the analysis would find the line with the best fit through them.
But suppose that people in case claimed that nearby pollution lowered property values for a whole neighborhood. It may be unfair just to match sale prices with distance form the pollution, or to compare average prices with another town. After all, many factors affect property values: style of house, size, age, number of bathrooms, and so forth. That’s where multiple regression analysis can help. It finds the "best fit" for all the sample data when multiple independent variables are at work. It nets out the effects of all these things that are different, so that you are comparing apples to apples.
You will also know that statistics have the power on the witness stand. Good statistical experts make numbers "user--friendly" for the judge and jury. Many use high-tech graphics and other tools to present their conclusions. But statistics can be and have been misused, typically when people have interpreted that statistics to mean more than they really do. A good statistician is careful to explain just how reliable the statistics really are. Cross-examination lets each side attack the other side’s analysis is flawed. Were data accurate, or may they have been biased? What was the margin of error? Did onevunfairly affect the outcome?
Finally, the jury weighs statistical evidence along with all the other evidence. The verdict makes a real difference in the lives of parties to a case and to our justice system.
Today, we’ve talked about the magic of statistics working in various fields and events, like in the court, in the issues against discrimination, in calculating damages and on the testimony. I hope you would have had a good time.
选项
答案
entrance/access
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/STYO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
SuchjoyItwasthespringof1985,andPresidentReaganhadjustgivenMotherTeresatheMedalofFreedominaRoseGardencere
A、arealisticgoalforlearnersistoreachacertainleveloflanguageproficiency,notnativefluency:B、studentscanachieve
ThatLouisNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecause
WhenGermanyinvadedPoland,BritainandFrancedeclaredwaronGermany.ThentheU.S【1】______indebate.
ThefirstAsaninvestmentbankerspecializinginmergersandacquisitions,FrancoisvonHurterspentalotoftimeinairportl
WiltChamberlainisretirednow,butheusedtobeafamousbasketballplayer.Hehasset65differentrecordsandevenholdsma
A、Studentshavedifficultyinfindingjobs.B、Thereexistsaninternalstrife.C、Theeconomyisinarecession.D、Theeconomyis
______canbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersusethesentencesofthelanguagetoaffectsuccessfulcommunication.
By______,werefertothewaysthatsentencesareconstructedaccordingtothegrammarofarrangement.
InEnglish,visbearsthemeaningof"tolookatsomething"andcanbecombinedwithaffixestoformnewwords,asinsupervise,
随机试题
根据我国《专利法》,申请专利的发明创造在申请日之前6个月内具有下列情况之一的不丧失新颖性,这些情况包括()
下列由慢性肾衰竭引起的肾性骨病中,最常见的是
以下颌支、下颌角为中心的肿胀、充血、压痛是何间隙感染的表现
男,25岁,突感上腹部剧痛。检查:血压130/80mmHg,脉搏110队/分,板样腹,肠鸣音消失。血红蛋白120g/L,血白细胞数8.0×109/L。首先应采取的检查是
1岁小儿结核菌素试验阳性,可以推测患儿()
利用燃烧或电能,把加热到熔化或接近熔化状态的金属微粒,喷附在金属制品表面上而形成保护层的一种方法称为()镀。
群体决策支持系统按照决策时间和群体成员地理上的邻近程度可分为决策室、局域决策网、电子会议、远程决策四种应用类型。下列有关四种应用类型特征的描述正确的有()。
政治社团,指的是在社会政治生活中,按照特定的利益集合在一起,有组织地参与、影响政府政策制定、变动和执行过程的社会团体。下列不属于政治社团的一项是()。
给定资料1.A市南部两个乡镇为招商引资,和一家畜牧企业签订了投资协议书,并和农民签订了上千亩的土地征用合同,用来创办生猪养殖基地及配套设施等。然而,2018年这家畜牧企业经营跟不上,无力支付土地租赁租金,表层土壤还遭到了破坏。村民张海村说,早知道
简述资本结构信号理论的主要内容。
最新回复
(
0
)