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  3. Suppose Charles Darwin had been swept overboard and drowned during the voyage of the Beagle. What would the world be like withou

Suppose Charles Darwin had been swept overboard and drowned during the voyage of the Beagle. What would the world be like withou

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问题     Suppose Charles Darwin had been swept overboard and drowned during the voyage of the Beagle. What would the world be like without him? That is the question Peter Bowler sets out to answer in Darwin Deleted. He uses the notion of a world without Darwin to explore the context of evolutionary thought in the 19th century, and examine exactly what Darwin’s contributions were.
    In many ways, says Bowler, Darwin played less of a role than you might suppose. The concept of evolution was already around before Darwin’s Origin was published in 1859. Geologists were beginning to realise that Earth was much more than a few thousand years old, and palaeontologists were piecing together a fossil record that testified to vast changes in life forms over a long period of time. Darwin’s big idea was that evolution proceeded by natural selection; better-adapted individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, and thus pass on adaptive traits to their offspring, while less well-adapted individuals die taking their failed traits with them. Others, notably Alfred Russel Wallace, came up a similar idea at about the same time, but only Darwin’s book attracted wide attention.
    That concept, with its emphasis on struggle, competition and the relentless elimination out of failures, was a bombshell. How could a merciful God permit such violence, such wastefulness? Darwin’s theory instantly polarised the public, with conservative Christians rejecting it outright and anti-religionists using it as an argument against the established church. Without Darwin, Bowler says, anti-religionists might have seized another sword, perhaps using geological evidence for an ancient Earth as their weapon.
    Modern opponents may argue that Darwinism laid the foundation for societal amorality, resulting in two world wars and the Nazi atrocities. So would a world without Darwin have been a kinder, gentler place? Not likely, says Bowler, who shows that the factors underlying the horrors of the past century or so, such as racism or imperialism, existed long before Darwin. True, the notion of Darwinism provided a useful rhetorical framework, as when Nazis spoke of "racial purification" as a step toward the evolution of better humans. But without Darwin they could easily have turned to another metaphor, says Bowler, such as the need to excise a cancer from society.
    All this is fascinating and should have made a lively book. But Bowler is so elaborate on his historical detail, so careful to explore every angle of each point he makes, that he often leaves the reader unsure where he is going. Even so, the book is worth the effort. Bowler concludes that where Darwin really mattered was in timing. Here, ironically, the shock of his book, and the polarisation it caused, may have delayed the acceptance of evolution. The great man was ahead of his time, and science may have paid a price for that.
According to Bowler,attributing two world wars to Darwinism is______.
选项 A、a shallow viewpoint
B、a profound insight
C、a reasonable account
D、an untested excuse
答案A
解析 第四段首句指出现代反对者观点“达尔文主义为社会道德的沦丧埋下祸根，最终导致两次世界大战和纳粹的种种暴行”。随后对此观点进行反驳：过去一个世纪所发生的恐怖事件的潜在因素在达尔文之前早已存在。达尔文主义只是被用来制造恐怖事件的借口，如果没有达尔文，他们照样能找到另一种借口发动战争。由此可知，Bowler认为两次世界大战与达尔文主义无关，将两次世界大战归因于达尔文主义的做法是一种肤浅观点，[A]选项正确。
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