首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence
A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence
admin
2014-12-26
56
问题
A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate. Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory.
According to James, a child’ s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labelled "self-as-subject", and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of one’s own agency(i.e. one’ s power to act), and an awareness of one’ s distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley(1902)suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile, someone responds to them.
Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniquely as "themselves". This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the "Self-as-object". This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles(such as student, brother, colleague)and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people(such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).
Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a person’s own understanding of their identity and other people’s understanding of it. Cooley believed that people build up their sense of identity from the reactions of others to them, and from the view they believe others have of them. He called the self-as-object the "looking-glass self, since people come to see themselves as they are reflected in others. Mead(1934)went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: "The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience ... it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience."
Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in general can be seen in the displays of
rage
which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson(1975)found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children’ s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of "self and of "ownership" is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.
Which one of the following rhetorics is applied in paragraph 4?
选项
A、Metaphor.
B、Personification.
C、Contrast.
D、Exaggeration.
答案
A
解析
推断题。第四段中作者运用了什么修辞手法?第四段第三句,“He calledthe self-as—object the‘looking—glass self’”他将客体自我称为镜中自我。可知作者将客体比作一面镜子。所以,选项A,比喻,为正确选项。选项B,拟人;选项C,对比;选项D,夸张,均不符合原文修辞用法。故选A。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Szh7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Tointerviewthelocalpeople.B、Tohelpthepoorchildrenwiththeirstudy.C、Toinvestigatethehistoryoftheslums.D、Tog
A、Theycareverymuchabouttheirimages.B、Theirparentsoftencomparethemtootherchildren.C、Theyfaceheavierworkloadtha
A、Playgames.B、WatchTV.C、Doexcessiveactivities.D、Usebraintoomuch.B细节题。文中提到,theacademy建议两岁以下的孩子(childrenunderagetwo
A、Inalittlewhile.B、Firstthinginthemorning.C、Prettyquick.D、By8:00.D细节题。在对话中也出现了不同的时间。Jean说她将在8:00完成报告,放到Black先生的办公桌上
Crash.Shatter.Boom.Crash.Shatter.Boom.Smatteringofsillydialogue.Prettygirlscreams:"Dad!"Crash.Shatter.Boom.Sill
Crash.Shatter.Boom.Crash.Shatter.Boom.Smatteringofsillydialogue.Prettygirlscreams:"Dad!"Crash.Shatter.Boom.Sill
Crash.Shatter.Boom.Crash.Shatter.Boom.Smatteringofsillydialogue.Prettygirlscreams:"Dad!"Crash.Shatter.Boom.Sill
随机试题
在马克思主义发展史上,第一次把解放生产力、发展生产力作为社会主义本质规定的是()
当颈部发现原发病灶不明的转移癌时,应首先仔细检查
彩色多普勒技术和超声负荷试验并用可以()。
检测限与定量限的区别在于
商业银行应与借款人在借款合同中约定,出现()情形的,借款人应承担的违约责任和贷款人可采取的措施。
在海上货物运输保险中,保险人承保的风险主要分为()。
根据专家推断,2006年内人民币将升值3%左右,按4月5日外汇市场美元兑人民币汇率的中间价推算,人民币对美元的汇率到2006年年底将跌至多少?( )4月5日人民币对美元汇率的收盘价是( ),创汇改以来的新高。
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.Thefirststepistosurvey(th
网络连接和IP地址分配如下图所示,并且配置了RIPv2路由协议。如果在路由器R1上运行命令:R1#show ip route,下面4条显示信息中正确的是(52)。
WhatdoyouknowabouttheRiverNile?
最新回复
(
0
)