首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
71. A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research
71. A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research
admin
2013-01-20
84
问题
71.
A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research; i.e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves.
Any scientist working for such organizations and investigating in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or program designed beforehand.
At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense; the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians. Nevertheless, the scientist, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms, was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined program to which he had to conform.
72.
As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently.
The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly-complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories. Owing to the large sum of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed (programmatic) research.
One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientist to become increasingly involved in applied research (development), especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. Private industry and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations. 73.
In consequence, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly- paid and with better technical facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university.
Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science-not only pure science, but applied science as well.
选项
答案
当代科学技术的一个最新现象是,科学研究越来越朝着“有领导的”或“有计划的”趋势发展,也就是说,研究的范围和目标是由私营机构或政府机构,而不是由研究人员自己事先决定的。
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Tq2O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
AnIndiananthropologist.ChandraThapar,madeastudyofforeigncultures,whichhadcustomssimilarto【1】ofhisnativeland.O
Wethink______possibleforthemtofulfiltheirtaskinafewweeks.
HowtoGetPreservedasaFossil(66)Unfortunatelythechangesofanyanimalbecomeafossilarenotverygreat,and(67)t
Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone;theyoungonehasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldone
Thepolicehaveaskedforthe_____ofthepublicintracingthewhereaboutsofthemissingchild.
Theboardofthecompanyhasdecidedto______itsoperationtoincludeallaspectsoftheclothingbusiness.
Wheninhisrebelliousyears,thatiswhenhewassixteenoreighteen,FrankAnderson_____goingaroundwithastrangesetofpeo
Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial_____toitsburningtemperature.
Walkingthroughmytrainyesterday,staggeringfrommyseattothebuffetandback,IcountedfivepeoplereadingHarryPottern
FirstlaunchedinAprilthisyear,NetMySingaporealsoincludeseffortsthat______training,development,andtheexplorationof
随机试题
简述经济法的调制主体的权力和职责结构。
试述辩证否定观的内容,并用以说明应怎样正确对待我国的文化遗产和外国文化。
一小儿身高85em,前囟已闭,头围48em,乳牙20枚,已会跳并能用简单的语言表达自己的需要,对人、事有喜乐之分。此小儿的年龄最大的可能是
以下不属于工程建设领域常见的侵权责任的是( )。
资本主义农产品的社会生产价格取决于()。
家鼠的毛色受常染色体上的一对等位基因(A、a)控制,且黄色对灰色为显性,含AA的胚胎致死。下列叙述错误的是()。
构成现代市场经济的基本要素有()。
程序流程图中的箭头代表的是()。
[A]library[B]classroom[C]garden[D]hospital[E]kitchen[F]postoffice[G]supermarket
Agroupofscientistsknownfortheirskepticismaboutclimatechangehasreanalysedtwocenturies’worthofglobaltemperature
最新回复
(
0
)