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  3. Valuation of stock prorides the most common form of description. Stock is generally valued at cost or market value, whichever is

Valuation of stock prorides the most common form of description. Stock is generally valued at cost or market value, whichever is

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问题     Valuation of stock prorides the most common form of description. Stock is generally valued at cost or market value, whichever is the lower, as otherwise profit is shown which may never materialize. It is no more than prudent to err on the side of caution, as some stock may deteriorate or, in the course of time, become unsaleable, and care should be taken to see that in no event must there be an overvaluation.
    Naturally an undervaluation of closing stock keeps down the profit and, of course, the tax payable of such profit. The closing stock of the first year becomes the opening stock of the second year, and, if the stock has been greatly undervalued, then the closing stock of the second year will have to be very greatly undervalued if a similar gross profit ratio is to be shown for both years. For example , if stock at the close of the first year is undervalued by ￡ 1 ,000, the profit will likewise be kept down by ￡ 1,000. In the second year, if both the opening and closing stock are undervalued by ￡ 1 ,000, the profit will be unaffected and will be the actual profit earned. If it is desired to make the profit ￡ 1 ,000 less than actual, in line with the first year, then the closing stock will have to be undervalued by another ￡ 1 ,000, making the stock evaluation ￡ 2,000 less than it actually is. The proprietor’s problems are only just beginning, because, to keep the same ratio of gross profit to sales, the stock will have to be undervalued more and more each year and the build-up will mean that in the course of time too much stock will be held in the business and the proprietor will not know what to do with it. If the excess is sold against cheques, the cheques will show in a banking account; it is not easy to sell bulk stock for cash at its full market value. As so many people have found, undervaluation of stock causes a great deal of difficulty.
    In the present instance, it is not any help for the customer to say that his stock is worth ￡ 42, 000 unless it is his intention to restrict purchases and bring the excess stock back into the account and therefore increase his profit and his tax. By comparing the gross profit ratio over a few years and by careful questioning, it should be fairly straightforward for a banker to judge the true position a-bout customer’ s stock valuation methods, and to consider if they alter in substance the trading figures produced.
The prudence adopted in the valuation of stock is aiming to guard against______.
选项 A、overvaluation of stock
B、under-valuation of stock
C、materialization of stock
D、none of the above
答案A
解析 文章第一段提到It is no more than prudent…must there be an overvaluation。计算成本时遵循的谨慎原则是为了防止对存货的估算出现价值高估的情况(overvaluation)。
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