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  3. It’s difficult to imagine a world without antibiotics. They cure diseases that killed our ancestors in crowds, and enable any nu

It’s difficult to imagine a world without antibiotics. They cure diseases that killed our ancestors in crowds, and enable any nu

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问题     It’s difficult to imagine a world without antibiotics. They cure diseases that killed our ancestors in crowds, and enable any number of medical procedures and treatments that we now take for granted. Yet in 1945, while accepting a Nobel Prize for【C1】________penicillin, Alexander Fleming【C2】________a future in which antibiotics had been used with【C3】________and bacteria had grown resistant to them. Today, this future is approaching. Speaking to reporters last fall, Tom Frieden, the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,【C4】________a similar alarm: "If we’re not【C5】________, we will soon be in a post-antibiotic era. In fact, for some patients and some bacteria, we are already there."
    The problem【C6】________overuse. Recent research by doctors at Harvard and Women’s Hospital found that the vast majority of antibiotics【C7】________for sore throats and acute bronchitis—an illness almost always caused by a【C8】________, not bacteria—are useless.
    Up to 80 percent of all antibiotics used in the U.S. each year,【C9】________, are given to animals. Antibiotics are the lifeline of the meat and poultry industries, which have used drugs to domestic animals as a means of【C10】________growth and preventing illnesses caused by overcrowding and poor conditions.
    An increasing number of bacterial【C11】________have taken the opportunity to evolve【C12】________the reach of antibiotics. The CDC’s 2013 threat report listed 17 antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that directly cause at least 23,000 deaths each year in the U.S.【C13】________Globally, drug-resistant pneumonia is an ever-increasing threat. Reported cases have【C14】________over the past nine years, killing an estimated 170,000 people last year.
    Although anti-bacterial resistance can be slowed, it is【C15】________. As a result, medicine companies have found antibiotics to be less【C16】________investments than drugs for chronic illnesses, which can be used over the long term.
    If we don’t【C17】________our use of existing antibiotics and commit to developing new ones, the risks are not just medical, but【C18】________The CDC estimates that, in the United States, antibiotic resistance already costs $20 billion in【C19】________health-care spend and $35 billion in lost productivity【C20】________.
【C8】
选项 A、cough
B、cold
C、parasite
D、virus
答案D
解析 此处需填入名词，说明引起急性支气管炎这一illness的原因，且与空格后的bacteria(细菌)一词相对应，同属一类。D项virus意为“病毒”，符合语义要求。A项cough意为“咳嗽”，是支气管炎的症状而非其原因。B项cold为“感冒”之意，可能引起与支气管炎，但不与bacteria对照。C项parasite意为“寄生虫”，与急性支气管炎没有关联。
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