首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
admin
2015-06-27
25
问题
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature — those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system’s design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor’s design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce — that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.
The author suggests in Para. 1 that humans are
选项
A、apt to err in simple counting.
B、liable to irrational thinking.
C、prone to memory dysfunction.
D、subject to unwitting reasoning.
答案
B
解析
首段第三、四句指出,人们常犯错误,这里指的不是因粗心而将两个数字加错或因遗忘而发生的简单错误,而是指逻辑性错误,即由不正确的推理产生的错误。据此判断,[B]“易于进行不合逻辑的思考”为句意的合理推论。[A]“容易犯简单的计算错误”、[C]“易于出现记忆功能障碍”以及[D]“容易发生无意的推理”,皆与句意相悖。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/UmXK777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
WhydidMcDonaldnotneedtoberesponsibleforthehealthproblemofoverweightchildren?
Britainhasannouncedthatitistocancelabout200millionpounds’worthofdebts【D1】______itbypoorerCommonwealthcountrie
MadeinChina中国制造Thelabel,MadeinChina,isonethatisbecomingincreasingcommon/inshoppingcentersalloverthewo
Themeditationbeginsinawaythatsurprisesmanypeople,becauseitstartsbycultivatinglovingfeelingtowardyourself.Yet
AnewtypeoforganismdiscoveredinanArctictunnelcametolifeinthelabafterbeingfrozenfor32,000years.Thedeep-free
InarecentbookentitledThePsychicLifeofInsects,ProfessorBouviersaysthatwemustbecarefulnottocreditthelittlew
Whoneedsapublisher?BobYoung,CEOofprint-on-demandserviceLulu,com,saysthatthepublishingand【C1】______ofbooksonlin
Accordingtotheconversation,anexampleof"Christmastrimmings"couldbe______.
Outsidemyofficewindowthereisafire______ontheright.
随机试题
男,27岁,1年来牙龈逐渐肿大。检查发现:全口牙龈乳头及龈缘肿,上下前牙明显。龈乳头球状突起,前牙龈呈分叶状,质地坚硬,略有弹性,呈粉红色,不出血,无疼痛,龈沟加深,有菌斑,无分泌,1部分冠折断,已做根管治疗。在治疗中,首先采取的措施是
张三敲诈勒索李四2万元,告知李四下午到李四家取钱,李四产生恐惧心理后告知警察,警察在李四家附近埋伏,张三下午取钱出来后,冲出警察包围圈逃跑,三天后被抓获,2万元已经被其挥霍。关于本案,下列说法正确的是?
机器装配后,按设计要求进行的运转试验(包括运转灵活性、工作时温升、密封性、转速、功率、振动和噪声等)即为()。
近年来,母基金二级投资业务的比例不断增加,其原因不包括()。
在我国,保证金交易被称为“融资融券”。融资即投资者借入资金购买证券,也叫()。
据初步统计。2008年我国全年水资源总量25567亿立方米,比上年减少8.9%,比常年减少7.7%;人均水资源量1945立方米,比上年减少9.3%;全年平均降水量615.5毫米,较上年减少4.5%,比常年减少4.2%。年末全国465座大型水库蓄水总量210
设向量组α1=[1,1,1,1]T,α2=[1,-1,2,3]T,α3=[1,1,4,9]T,α4=[1,-1,8,27]T,证明:任意一个4维列向量均可以被该向量组线性表示,且表达式唯一.
一个公司或单位通常不使用电话拨号上网,而是通过【 】连接因特网。
Thebossbrokehisruleagainstsinginglastnight.
Whyyoushouldn’ttrytobeamorningpersonA)We’veallhearditbefore:tobesuccessful,getoutofbedearly.Afterall,
最新回复
(
0
)