首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
admin
2021-01-06
77
问题
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. " But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason. "
Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
选项
A、Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
B、Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
C、Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
D、Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
答案
C
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Ut1Z777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
随机试题
按照《戒毒药品管理办法》,下列关于戒毒药品使用管理的论述,正确的是
在低倍数泡沫灭火系统中,可用于液下喷射方式扑救大型储油罐等场所火灾的泡沫液是()。
构成业务网的主要技术要素不包括()。
被评估企业以机器设备向B企业直接投资,投资额占B企业资本总额的20%。双方协议联营10年,联营期满B企业将按机器设备折余价值25万元返还投资方。评估时双方联营已有5年,前5年B企业的税后利润保持在50万元水平,投资企业按其在B企业的投资份额分享收益,评估人
甲公司于2012年6月向国务院专利行政部门提出某产品生产方法的专利申请,2015年10月被授予专利权。已知乙公司2012年1月已经以相同的方法生产出该种产品。根据专利法律制度的规定,下列未经甲公司许可而实施的行为中,属于侵犯甲公司专利权的是(
1,3/2,11/6,25/12,( )。
下列选项中。对收文处理环节理解错误的是:
赫尔巴特的追随者们将其四步教学模式改造为著名的“五步教学法”这五个教学法阶段是()
设计窗体时,双击窗体上没有控件的地方,打开的窗口是( )。
完成句子。例如:那座桥800年的历史有了那座桥有800年的历史了。什么时候聚会是你们的
最新回复
(
0
)