首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
admin
2021-01-06
52
问题
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. " But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason. "
Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
选项
A、Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
B、Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
C、Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
D、Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
答案
C
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Ut1Z777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
随机试题
引起糖耐量降低的疾病有
传统的输精管吻合术的主要步骤为
根据合穴或下合穴的理论,其病最可能出现反应的穴位是:取太冲治疗薛某之疾,以疏肝理气止痛,主要是因为其穴属于:
李某,女,25岁。身体矮小,匀称,骨盆外测量结果如下:髂前上棘间径22era,髂嵴间径24cm,骶耻外径17cm,出口横径7.5cm,对角径11.5cm,此孕妇骨盆为
病区物理环境的要求中,不宜强求一致的是
在N=[*]这个公式中,K在容纳人数超过10000人的公共场所宜取值()
以“爱心”为陈述对象,以“泉水”或“歌谣”为喻体,依照下面的句式再造一个句子,使之与例句结构相似。例:爱心是一片照射在冬日的阳光,使贫困交迫的人感到人间的温暖;爱心是_____________________________
1978年,中国共产党重新确立马克思主义实事求是思想路线的会议是()。
A、什么时候都有时间去参加国际会议B、以前有时间去参加国际会议,现在没有时间C、以后一定有时间去参加国际会议D、一直没有时间去参加国际会议D
Largepartsoftheworldhavenotenjoyedtheremarkableglobalprogressinhealthconditionsthathavetakenplaceoverthepas
最新回复
(
0
)