首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Building with Arches" Round Arch and Vault Although the round arch was used by the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia several
"Building with Arches" Round Arch and Vault Although the round arch was used by the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia several
admin
2018-07-24
48
问题
"Building with Arches"
Round Arch and Vault
Although the round arch was used by the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia several centuries before our common era, it was most fully developed by the Romans, who perfected the form in the 2nd century b.c.e. The arch has many virtues. In addition to being an attractive form, it enables the architect to open up fairly large spaces in a wall without risking the building’s structural soundness. These spaces admit light, reduce the weight of the walls, and decrease the amount of material needed. As utilized by the Romans, the arch is a perfect semicircle, although it may seem elongated if it rests on columns. It is constructed from wedge-shaped pieces of stone that meet at an angle always perpendicular to the curve of the arch. Because of tensions and compressions inherent in the form, the arch is stable only when it is complete, when the topmost stone, the keystone, has been set in place. For this reason an arch under construction must be supported from below, usually by a wooden framework.
Among the most elegant and enduring of Roman structures based on the arch is the Pont du Gard at Nimes, France, built about 15 c.e. when the empire was nearing its farthest expansion. At this time, Roman industry, commerce, and agriculture were at their peak. Engineering was applied to an ambitious system of public-works projects, not just in Italy but in the outlying areas as well. The Pont du Gard functioned as an aqueduct, a structure meant to transport water, and its lower level served as a footbridge across the river. That it stands today virtually intact after nearly two thousand years (and is crossed by cyclists on the route of the famous Tour de France bicycle race) testifies to the Romans’ brilliant engineering skills. Visually, the Pont du Gard exemplifies the best qualities of arch construction. Solid and heavy, obviously durable, it is shot through with open spaces that make it seem light and its weight-bearing capabilities effortless.
When the arch is extended in depth—when it is, in reality, many arches placed flush one behind the other—the result is called a barrel vault. This vault construction makes it possible to create large interior spaces. The Romans made great use of the barrel vault, but for its finest expression we look many hundreds of years later, to the churches of the Middle Ages.
The church of Sainte-Foy, in the French city of Conques, is an example of the style prevalent throughout Western Europe from about 1050 to 1200—a style known as Romanesque. Earlier churches had used the Roman round arch and barrel vault so as to add height to their churches. Until this period most churches had beamed wooden roofs, which not only posed a threat of fire but also limited the height to which architects could aspire. With the stone barrel vault, they could achieve the soaring, majestic space we see in the
nave
of Sainte-Foy to span the spaces between the interior columns that ultimately held up the roof. With the Romanesque style, builders set a stone barrel vault as a ceiling over the
nave
, hiding the roof structure from view. The barrel vault unified the interior visually, providing a soaring, majestic climax to the rhythms announced by the arches below.
Pointed Arch and Vault
While the round arch and vault of the Romanesque era solved many problems and made many things possible, they nevertheless had certain drawbacks. For one thing, a round arch, to be stable, must be a semicircle; therefore, the height of the arch is limited by its width. Two other difficulties were weight and darkness. Barrel vaults are both literally and visually heavy, calling for huge masses of stone to maintain their structural stability. They exert an outward thrust all along their base, which builders countered by setting them in massive walls that they dared not weaken with light-admitting openings. The Gothic period in Europe, which followed the Romanesque, solved these problems with the pointed arch. A
The pointed arch, while seemingly not very different from the round one, offers many advantages. IS Because the sides arc up to a point, weight is channeled down to the ground at a steeper angle, and therefore the arch can be taller. The vault constructed from such an arch also can be much taller than a barrel vault. C Architects of the Gothic period found they did not need heavy masses of material throughout the curve of the vault, as long as the major points of intersection were reinforced. D
Glossary
nave: the long central area in a church with aisles on each side
Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage.
These reinforcements, called ribs, are visible in the nave ceiling of Reims Cathedral.
Where could the sentence best be added?
Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.
选项
A、
B、
C、
D、
答案
D
解析
Vocabulary reference is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence. The connection is the reference to "reinforced" in the first sentence and "These reinforcements" in the second sentence. Choices A, B, and C are not correct because there are no vocabulary references to connect them with the insert sentence.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/UxfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.Researchingtheoriginofmedievalmanus
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.ResearchprojectonattitudestowardsstudyTonyisparticularlyimpressedbyPhoebe’sab
ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-G,nexttoquestions37-40.AStudentUnionBuildingBNursery
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Mathbooksarekeptinthe______Building.
Choosethecorrectanswer,A,BorC.Crocodilesliveingroupsofabout
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Ifyouneedtofindinformationonacertainbook
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.PotterynotesEarthenwareadvantages:-po
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.PotterynotesEarthenwareadvantages:-po
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOtopicsdopeoplemostfrequentlyaskabout?Atheidealtemperaturesettingonthethermostat
"PaleolithicArt"→Theseveralmillenniafollowing30,000B.C.sawapowerfuloutburstofartisticcreativity.Theartworks
随机试题
饮料中果汁含量的测定中,测定总磷时,消化后的样品在酸性条件下,磷酸盐与()反应呈现黄色,比色测定。
试述企业战略组织指挥体系的变革。
A.链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎B.全身青霉素过敏C.ABO血型不合所致的新生儿溶血病D.支气管肺炎E.同种移植排斥反应Ⅲ型变态反应
关于第三代头孢菌素的特点,下列表述不正确的是
在设计合同中,计算“设计期限”的开始时间是()。
当基金投资于交易不活跃的证券时,()是资产估值非常关键的考虑因素。
下面有关我国警察性质的表述正确的是()。
某出版社新出的一本关于保健知识的书每本售价32元,赢利8元。而这本书的盗版产品每本仅售价15元,这样,从市场销售的结果来看,出版社损失了十几万的利润。为使上述论证成立,以下哪项是必须假设的()
【B1】【B9】
Whendidthefirsteditionofthethree-volumeEncyclopaediaBritannicacomeout?
最新回复
(
0
)