首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In the lecture, the professor describes characteristics of European guilds. Indicate whether each of the following is a characte
In the lecture, the professor describes characteristics of European guilds. Indicate whether each of the following is a characte
admin
2012-01-14
54
问题
In the lecture, the professor describes characteristics of European guilds. Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of these guilds. Click in the correct box for each phrase.
[Professor (male)] Q12 Class, what I want to talk about today is guilds. Um, so I was wondering
if someone could start us off with a...a definition.
[Student A (female)] Yeah. A guild is...um, it’s like a group of people who have the same kind of
occupation. I think it’s generally used in a historical sense. I mean, I wouldn’t
call an association of, um, autoworkers a guild--I’d call them a union. But if I
were talking about an association of medieval European potters, I think the word
"guild" would be appropriate.
[Professor] Good. You raised some good points. Now, um, I want you to realize that
guilds certainly still exist today--ever heard of the Screen Actors Guild or the
Writers Guild of America? Q12 But the fact is I do want to focus today on
historical guilds...not modern guilds. Q13 Um, like you pointed out, guilds
and workers’ unions do overlap in some ways, but t suppose it would be an
oversimplification to say they’re the same thing. They both exist to...to protect
workers, but guilds have an additional, um, instructional function: they help
craftspeople master the skills of their trade, promoting them from apprentices
to journeymen to master craftspeople.
[Student B (male)] Q17 [uncertain] Um...journeymen? Are we supposed to know these terms already?
[Professor] Well, I assumed that some of you had probably heard of them, but if you’re not
familiar with these terms, don’t worry about it because we’re going to go over
their meaning in today’s class. I’ll, um, I’ll get to that when I start talking about
how guilds are organized. But for now, I’d like to discuss the history of guilds.
Q14 So, early guilds--this was a long time ago--they were essentially
associations of craftspeople who worked in the same trade, such as masons,
glass workers, or carpenters. There’s a history of guilds all over the world.
There were probably guilds in China as early as the Han Dynasty, which was
between 206 BC and 220 AD. In India, guilds of the Gupta Empire--320 AD to
550 AD--were called shreni, and they may have been based on earlier guild-like
organizations, The first mention of German guilds appeared in the 10th century,
and, um, by the 12th century, there were guilds in France and England too.Q15(B)
These European guilds were likely inspired by earlier Roman guilds.
In some cities in Europe, guilds tightly controlled the way things ran--how
goods were produced, the way people worked...that sort of thing. Q15(D) In fact,
sometimes they received special, um, entitlements...directly from monarchs
or heads of state. These might grant a guild the right to monopolize a certain
industry. Actually, these letters from political leaders formed the basis for
the patent and trademark systems, which developed later on. With this kind
of power, guilds could influence local authorities...and sometimes uprisings
occurred if people thought the guilds had a little too much power.
Q15(C) But guilds did more than control labor and production. They controlled
knowledge about their trade as well. Actually, in ptaces where guilds were in
control, it could be quite difficult for new people to get into business...because
guilds made it tough for them to get the raw materials and training they
needed. Anyone who wanted to learn the trade of a certain guild was subject
to a long period of apprenticeship, where they would learn about a craft by
working--as cheap labor--for a master craftsperson in the guild.
[Student B] OK. So someone new to a craft would start out as an apprentice, then become
a journeyman, and then become a master craftsperson? Just like working your
way up the corporate ladder?
[Professor] Yeah, you’ve got the right idea. Apprentices performed tasks for a master
for several years, all the while refining their skills in the trade. Um, but they
typically would only learn the most basic stuff--you know, none of the trade
secrets. Not yet. Q17 After a couple of years, promising apprentices
would get promoted to the position of journeyman. [addressing
Student B] Remember? You wanted to know what this was. Well, uh,
journeymen were actually certified with official papers, um, and they could take
these papers to other towns and study with different masters. Sometimes they
would travel quite far...perhaps to the other side of Europe. Hence the origin of
the term. Then, after gaining a couple of years of experience as a journeyman,
a person was eligible to become a master craftsperson. Of course, this was a
promotion that had to be approved by all the masters of the guild. Plus, the, um,
Q16 the potential master had to produce a masterpiece as proof of their skills.
OK. Next time we’ll talk more about the decline of the guild system and, um,
what modern guilds are like.
选项
答案
YES → B,C,D/NO → A,E
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/VFyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.TravelBooksTherearemanyrea
Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions4-10)andthelistofpeoplebelow.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectperson,A-F.
AncientPeopleinSaharaOnOct.13,2000,PaulSereno,aprofessorfromtheUniversityofChicago,guidedateamofpalaeon
Whichmemberormembersofthespeaker’sfamilyhavehealthproblems?Howdidthespeaker’sfamilyfirstfindoutabouttheWai
TheprofessoralreadyknowssomethingaboutClarefromher______.
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.JOBENJOYExampleAnswerTypeofjobrequired:part-
Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbrainsizeisassumedto
NarratorListentoapartofalectureinanecologyclass.ThefollowingarepartsoftheHydrologiccycleEXCEPT______.
A、Shewantstoworkatthesamelaboratorynextsemester.B、She’striesofworkingasalaboratoryassistant.C、She’striedofw
随机试题
在Word2010的“分隔符”下拉列表中,分节符类型有四种,其中不包括()
急性心肌梗死与心绞痛相似的症状是( )。
唇内溃烂,其色淡红为
患者,男性,46岁。右上后牙3天来持续胀痛,1日来加重,有跳痛,不能咬物。近2个月以来,该部位一直食物嵌塞严重。首次就诊时最有效的处理方法是()
在企业收购过程中,对于融资方式的确定,要在权衡资金成本和财务风险的基础上,根据实际情况,采取一个或者数个融资方式。其中最稳妥、最有保障的资金来源是( )。
由于自然科学与社会科学的研究对象、性质不同,所以自然科学的发展有相对的独立性,不必依靠人文和社会科学的发展。()
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcolours,thatistosay,thecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanima
下列叙述中,正确的是
IntheUnitedStates,the【C1】______toprotectplantandanimal【C2】______hasbecomea【C3】______controversialand【C4】______
LondonerssettheirwatchesbyBigBenbecause______.Fromthefirstparagraphwecanseethat______.
最新回复
(
0
)