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  3. Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy and stagnation. Too much

Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy and stagnation. Too much

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问题     Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and
dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy and stagnation. Too much
conflict leads to divisiveness and hostility. Moderate levels of
conflict, so, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy【S1】______
and competitive way.
    Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however,
suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be complex to【S2】______
determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions
of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives
worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for non-profit
organizations.
    Somewhat surprised, Schwenk found that opinions about【S3】______
conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of
organization. Specifically, managers in non-profit organizations
strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations
and that they promoted higher quality decision-making than might be【S4】______
achieved at the absence of conflict.【S5】______
    Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture.
They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led
to good quality decision-making in their organizations. Schwenk【S6】______
interpreted these results in the terms of the criteria for effective【S7】______
decision-making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking
organizations, decision-making effectiveness was mostly often【S8】______
assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus
other than conflict enhanced financial indicators.【S9】______
    In the non-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness
was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Giving【S10】______
the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many
diverse constituents, executives perceived that conflict led to more
considered and acceptable decisions.
【S10】
选项
答案Giving—Given
解析 动词形式错误。given在这里是介词，意思是“考虑到，鉴于，由于”，而giving只是动词give的动名词形式，没有这个用法，此句的意思是“考虑到要使不同成员满意是复杂且不确定的，管理人员们认为争论会带来更加深思熟虑和可接受的决定。”
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