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  3. While the news seems to highlight the mounting external and internal pressures that are driving language endangerment, not all

While the news seems to highlight the mounting external and internal pressures that are driving language endangerment, not all

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问题     While the news seems to highlight the mounting
external and internal pressures that are driving language
endangerment, not all languages are endangering. Many languages have【S1】________
well-establishing oral and literary traditions and are being used for a【S2】________
wide variety of functions in society. Many other communities, which
have not achieved that status for their languages, are therefore taking【S3】________
steps to preserve the vitality of their languages by finding new ways of
using them. Ethnologue records and reports data about these aspects of
language use under the rubric of language development.
    The term language development can be used in both an individual
and a societal sense. It is commonly used among psychologists and
educators with inference to individuals to refer to the phenomenon of【S4】________
child language acquisition.  Charles Ferguson  who defined  language【S5】________
development at the societal level as primarily dealing with three areas of
concern: graphization, standardization and modernization. These
development activities are now generally known as language planning
activities, subsumed specially within what is called "corpus planning".【S6】________
More broadly, Ethnologue defines language development as follows;
Language development is the result of the series of on-going planned
actions that language communities take to assure that they can effectively【S7】________
use their languages to achieve their social, cultural, political, economic, and spiritual goals.
    As Ferguson proposed, those planned actions most often consist in【S8】________
the development of writing systems and the elaboration of terminology
designed to expand the functions of language in a society.  Language【S9】________
development activities may also go well within corpus planning and【S10】________
cover a broad range of activities including advocacy on behalf of
minority languages and other actions outside of the realm of linguistics proper.
【S2】
选项
答案well-establishing—well-established
解析 形容词误用。该句意为“许多语言拥有历史悠久的口语和文字传统，并在社会中被用以起各种各样的作用。”well-established为形容词。意为“历史悠久且享有盛誉的”。
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