首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gust
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gust
admin
2009-04-23
46
问题
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung.
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud’s theory is that human behavior is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud’s theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior: structural, dynamic, and developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one’s instinctual needs and drives. Freud posited that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.
The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical or moral aspect of personality. It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "conscience" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.
Freud’s dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud’s "instinct" differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one’s emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform their work and is derived from primitive biological urges, for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud’s developmental concepts included identification, displacement, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages. Identification labels the behavior of an individual who imitates another person or group (movie star, gangster, etc.). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence, oral(breast-sucking babyhood ), anal(toilet-training period),phallic(3-6 years’ development of sexual feelings), latency (intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty(青春期), and genital(formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism(自我陶醉)).
Freud’s two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud’s theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for human behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.
选项
A、denial of instinctive behavior in animals and humans
B、belief that religion properly molded the conscience so that the id could be controlled
C、belief that human behavior can be explained primarily by the unconscious motives of individuals
D、belief that human behavior is completely controlled by the "conscience" part
答案
C
解析
在文章的第二段可以看到The main hypothesis Of Freud’s theory is that human behavior is determined primarily by unconscious motives。可以看出它与选项C相似。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/W6ZK777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Howdidthemantravelabroad?In______car.
Goodevening,ladiesandgentlemen!Firstofall,letmethankyoufor【T1】______ustosuchagreatChristmasparty.We【T2】______
LadiesandGentlemen,Welcometothiselectronicsexhibition.Hereyoucanfindalmostallofthe【T1】______productsaboutou
A—acceptancelettersJ—referencelettersB—adjustmentlettersK—saleslettersC—applicationlettersL—newsreleasesD—collection
Theguestpaid(little)______moneythanheshouldfortheroom.
HetraveledtotheNorthernpartofthecountry,______hegotmanynewideasforthisbook.
Whatisthepassagetalkingabout?______.
Howcanthestartingoftheuniversitybelike?Itcanbebothexcitingand______.
Howcanthestartingoftheuniversitybelike?Itcanbebothexcitingand______.
随机试题
评价机构有下列哪项行为时,除由国家环境保护总局取消其评价资质外,评价机构在三年内不得再次申请评价资质()
PowerPoint2010中放映演示文稿时,用户可以按Esc键退出幻灯片放映视图。
房地产经纪人执业资格注册的有效期为3年,自()之日起计算。
从事下列工作的人员中,必须取得会计从业资格的有()。
A公司于2009年6月在上海证券交易所上市。2013年4月,A公司聘请B证券公司作为向不特定对象公开募集股份(以下简称“增发”)的保荐人。B证券公司就本次增发编制的发行文件有关要点如下:(1)A公司最近3个会计年度的加权平均净资产收益率分别为7.74%、
建立现代企业制度的基本前提是()。
下列句子中加下划线的词的古今词义理解错误的一项是()。
以下几种筹资方式比较,资本成本最高的筹资方式是()。(中央财经大学,2011)
以存储程序原理为基础的冯.诺依曼结构的计算机,一般都由五大功能部件组成,它们是()。
"SymbioticRelationships"Symbiosisisaclose,long-lastingphysicalrelationshipbetweentwodifferentspecies.Inotherw
最新回复
(
0
)