首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung c
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung c
admin
2011-03-01
27
问题
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sculpture or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won’t work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out — power off — refrigerator not working — temperature will rise — milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs, or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors — pedestrians or other cars in the intersection — must also be present.
In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.
According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason ______.
选项
A、from cause to effect
B、from effect to cause
C、from effect to effect and on to cause
D、from effect to cause and on to another effect
答案
D
解析
从文章第二段中“we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect….This kind of reasoning is called,for short,effect to effect.”可以得到答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/WOkd777K
本试题收录于:
公共英语三级笔试题库公共英语(PETS)分类
0
公共英语三级笔试
公共英语(PETS)
相关试题推荐
Whenmostofusthinkaboutlanguage,wethink【C1】______aboutwords.Thus,thehardest【C2】______oflearningaforeignlanguagem
Readthetextsfromamagazinearticleinwhichfivepeoplegavetheiropinionsonworkandfamily.ForQuestions61to65,1hat
Whatdoweknowaboutthemother?
Whydidthewomantalktotheprofessor?
OneofthemoststrikingthingsaboutAmericansisthattheyseemofexpectingeveryonetolikethem【C1】______.theygo.America
OneofthemoststrikingthingsaboutAmericansisthattheyseemofexpectingeveryonetolikethem【C1】______.theygo.America
Whatdoesthemanproposetodofirst?
Jackson:Viewedfromascientist’sstandpoint,alloftheenergycontainedinfueleithernoworinthefuturebecomesheat.
Jackson:Viewedfromascientist’sstandpoint,alloftheenergycontainedinfueleithernoworinthefuturebecomesheat.
随机试题
Thisstoryisnotreal;itis______.
编制预算时,变压器放注油、油过滤所使用的油罐,已摊销入油过滤定额内。
含水率4%的砂500g,其中所含的水量为()。[2010年真题]
应急准备应当以及应急策划结果开展,包括()等。
政府投资具有的特点是()。
2×17年7月1日,甲公司从活跃市场购入丙公司2×17年7月1日发行的5年期债券10万份,该债券面值总额为1000万元,票面年利率为4.5%,每半年支付一次利息。甲公司购买丙公司债券支付款项(包括交易费用10万元)1000万元。甲公司将该债券作为以公允价值
关于行政复议的和解和调解,下列说法正确的有()。
读下图,完成下列要求。图中B是____________山脉,是登山和滑雪的好地方,2006年冬奥会就在该山脉附近美丽都市都灵举行,都灵所属国家是____________,该国家的河流一般在____________(冬季或夏季)进入汛期。
Intherealworldmostpeoplehaveadefinitedislike【C1】______certainsortsofworkathome.Twoofthesetasksareironingclo
Distancelearninghasmovedfarawayfromthetraditionalcorrespondencecourse,aimedattheindividualstudentworking【S1】____
最新回复
(
0
)