2. 外语
  3. The single, decisive factor that made it possible for mankind to settle in permanent communities was agriculture.【R1】______Once

The single, decisive factor that made it possible for mankind to settle in permanent communities was agriculture.【R1】______Once

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问题     The single, decisive factor that made it possible for mankind to settle in permanent communities was agriculture.【R1】______Once people could control the production of food and be assured of a reliable annual supply of it, their lives changed completely.
    Farming was a revolutionary discovery.【R2】______With more food available, more people could be fed. Populations therefore increased. The growing number of people available for more kinds of work led to the development of more complex social structures. 【R3】______
    Farming the world over has always relied upon a dependable water supply. For the earliest societies this meant rivers and streams or regular rainfall.【R4】______Later communities were able to develop by taking advantage of the rainy seasons.
    All of the ancient civilizations probably developed in much the same way, in spite of regional and climatic differences.【R5】______Heavier pottery replaced animal-skin gourds as containers for food and liquids. Cloth could be woven from wool and flax. Permanent structures made of wood, brick, and stone could be erected.
    The science of mathematics was an early outgrowth of agriculture. People studied the movements of the moon, the sun, and planets to calculate seasons.【R6】______With a calendar it was possible to calculate the arrival of each growing season. Measurement of land areas was necessary if property was to be a factor in farming and housekeeping. 【R7】______All of the major ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China emerged in the 4th millennium BC. Historians still debate over which one emerged first. It may well have been the Middle East, in an area called the Fertile Crescent. This region stretches from the Nile River in Egypt northward along the coast of former Palestine, then eastward into Asia to include Mesopotamia.【R8】______This kind of farming depended on the reproduction of seed, normally from grain crops.
    A. It not only made settlements possible and ultimately the building of cities but it also made reliable food supply.
    B. Later came measures of value as commodity and money exchange became common.
    C. In this area people settled along the riverbanks and practiced field agriculture.
    D. After farming was developed in the Middle East in about 6500 BC, people living in tribes or family units did not have to be on the move continually searching for food or herding their animals.
    E. As villages grew, the accumulation of more numerous and substantial goods became possible.
    F. With a food surplus, a community could support a variety of workers who were not farmers. G The first great civilizations grow up along rivers.
    H. In doing so they created the first calendars.
【R4】
选项
答案G
解析 第3段开头提到，耕种土地需要水的供应，在最早的社会水的供应主要依赖河流和经常的降雨。句G：“最早的文明都发源于河流沿岸”是对第1句的具体说明，最早的人类社会也就是最早的人类文明，因此选G。
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