首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
admin
2009-09-13
64
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon adsorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements: basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzaia, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Province, in France. Provinces had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name. Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of banning or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
选项
A、take in the recently wealthy
B、retreat within themselves
C、produce publications on manners
D、change the laws of etiquette
答案
B
解析
本题是细节题。由文中第一段前两行可知他们通过离开中下层来保持自己的优越性。因此他们有一种逃避的趋势。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/WmvO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
Whenisadriverlikelytohaveasleep-relatedaccidentaccordingtoresearchers?
WhywastheYahoousersinceptedbyAmericanandBritishgovernment?
WhywastheYahoousersinceptedbyAmericanandBritishgovernment?
TheincreasingnumberoftheunaccompaniedchildrenacrosstheU.S.borderpresstheUnitedStatestodetainmoreandmorechil
Trump’sdisregardofAmericancommitmentstopeace,securityandtradehascauseduncertaintyabouttheprospectofinternationa
Whatsocialfunctionmaythestrangelyshapedtailfeathershave?
ThepurposeoftheAmericancourtsystemistoprotecttherightsofthepeople.AccordingtoAmericanlaw,ifsomeoneisaccuse
随机试题
A、growB、fellowC、slowD、allowDA.grow[gru];B.fellow[’felu];C.slow[slu];D.allow[’lau]。本题考查字母组合ow在不同单词中的读音。ow在单音节词、复合词中或后跟元音字母时,常
急性胰腺炎治疗时,下列属于抑制胰酶活性的药物是
慢性支气管炎患者早期肺功能改变为
甲公司拟在沿海地区选址建厂,主要生产客运汽车。乙咨询单位接受甲公司的委托,开展项目厂址比选。经过收集有关资料,乙咨询单位认为项目选址应从建设条件和建设费用等方面综合考虑,并确定了两个厂址选择方案,现给出了4个评价厂址方案的指标:交通运输、基础设施、投资费用
2020年6月1日,甲民间非营利组织接受了乙公司捐赠的100万元。2020年12月21日,因甲民间非营利组织无法满足该项捐赠所附条件而必须将上述款项退还给乙公司。不考虑其他因素,甲民间非营利组织应将上述需要偿还的款项确认为()。
下列论述错误的是()。
从四个图中选出唯一的一项,填入问号处,使其呈现一定的规律性。
下列关于1929~1933年经济危机的描述,错误的有()。
攻击者使用无效的IP地址,利用TCP连接的三次握手过程,使得受害主机处于开放会话的请求之中,直至连接超时。在此期间,受害主机将会连续接受这种会话请求,最终因耗尽资源而停止响应。这种攻击被称为
Asapopularsayinggoes:"【C1】______"Goodhealthenablesoneto【C2】______andachievewhathe【C3】______.Withgoodhealthweca
最新回复
(
0
)