首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
There is a phenomena in the present. The average number of authors on scientific papers is sky rocketing. What is the main reaso
There is a phenomena in the present. The average number of authors on scientific papers is sky rocketing. What is the main reaso
admin
2012-10-11
92
问题
There is a phenomena in the present. The average number of authors on scientific papers is sky rocketing. What is the main reason for it? That’s partly because labs arc bigger, problems are more complicated, and more different subspecialties are needed. But it’s also because US government agencies like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have started to promote "team science". As physics developed in the post-World War II era, federal funds built expensive national facilities, and these served as surfaces on which collaborations could crystallize naturally.
Yet multiple authorship—however good it may be in other ways—presents for journals and for the institutions in which these authors work. For the journals, long lists of authors are hard to deal with in them selves. But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper. If there is research misconduct, should the liability be joint and several, accruing to all authors? If not, then how should it be allocated among them? If there is an honest mistake in one part of the work but not in others, how should an evaluator aim his or her review?
Various practical or impractical suggestions have emerged during the long-standing debate on this issue. One is that each author should provide, and the journal should then publish, an account of that author’s particular contribution to the work. But a different view of the problem, and perhaps of the solution, comes as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road. Half a lifetime of involvement with this process has taught me how much authorship mat tars. I have watched committees attempting to decode sequences of names, agonize over whether a much cited paper was re ally the candidate’s work or a coauthor’s, and send back recommendations asking for more specificity about the division of responsibility.
Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting the case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame.
There is a tendency that scientific papers are ______.
选项
A、getting more complicated
B、dealing with bigger problems
C、more of a product of team work
D、focusing more on natural than on social sciences
答案
C
解析
细节题 。第一段说“这部分是因为实验室更大了,问题更加复杂,而更多是因为……”,而且也是因为美国政府开始促进“团队科学”,故答案为C项。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/X3b7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Gatheringnon-relevantmaterials.B、Stealinganotherperson’sideas.C、Sharingnotewithsomeoneelse.D、Handinginassignment
Afterreadingthepassage,youcan______.Incollegesanduniversities,teachersdon’twantparrot-likestudents,buttheywan
Mostyoungboysaretrainedtobelievethatmenshouldbestrong,tough,cool,anddetached.Thus,theylearnearlytohidevuln
Theseareasrelyonagriculturealmost______,havingfewmineralsresourcesandunderdevelopedindustry.
Studentswillfindthebook__________asitoffersanabundanceofinformationonthesubjects.
ProfessorWilsonhasaspeaking______forthisweekend,sohedeclinedtheinvitationbyhisfriendsfordinner.
Travelcanbeanexcellent__________toone’seducation.
Today’sparentsarebelievedtobe__________tospoiltheirchildrenastheyfeelguiltyoftheirfrequentabsence.
Intermsofeconomics,whenbusinessis_______thereisusuallyanincreaseinunemployment.
Marriagemayimproveyoursleep,andbettersleepmayimproveyourmarriage,twonewstudiessuggest.Womenwhoaremarried
随机试题
A.HoldthelineB.flightnumberC.askaquestionD.ToNewYorkE.MayIhaveyournameF.reconfirmmyseatG.pleasecheck
膨出的膀胱随同阴道前壁位于阴道内,为:膨出的部分膀胱暴露于阴道口外,为:
有关护理学任务、研究范围的描述正确的是
瘤的特点没有下列哪一项()
在工程实施过程中发生索赔事件以后,承包人首先应()。
宁波帅康厨房设备有限公司其前身是创办于1984年的浙江余姚市调谐器配件厂的宁波帅康集团公司的子公司。该公司成立于1993年5月,陆续推出吸烟王、帅旋风、丽彩王、新世纪等18大系列,具有先进的生产设备和检测设备,其中包括120万台年生产能力的抽油烟机生产装配
衡量各科教学质量的重要标准是()。
文明执勤的要点是:忠于职守,服从领导,顾全大局,警容严整。()
人力资本理论把教育看成人力资本的重要因素,该理论的创立者是()。
一个C++语言程序的开发步骤通常包括编辑、【】、链接、运行和调试。
最新回复
(
0
)