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  3. Not too many decades ago, it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed peo

Not too many decades ago, it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed peo

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问题     Not too many decades ago, it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances.
    However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the "obvious" is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds.
    Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between small-town and big-city residents. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents, yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities.
    Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers. These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young troublemakers.
    Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community’s population size and its social heterogeneity. For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city people are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a multinational outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.
Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs?
选项 A、Two contrasting views are presented.
B、An argument is examined and possible solutions given.
C、Research results concerning the quality of urban life are presented in order of time.
D、A detailed description of the difference between urban and small-town life is given.
答案A
解析 本题无特殊关键词，问题是：哪个选项最能描述文章前两段的结构?定位前两段。原文第一段提到，过去人们认为现代社会“显而易见”(“obvious”)改变了人们的自然关系(changed people’s natural relations)，使他们的亲情和邻里观念变得淡薄(loosened their responsibilities to kin and neighbors)，取而代之的是彼此之间萍水相逢的表面关系(substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances)，接着第二段，作者通过However提出了一种完全不同的观点，最近几年，越来越多的研究表明，那些“显而易见”的事情并不真实(the“obvious”is not true)，继而说到即使在城市，人们除邻居外仍有密切交往的社交圈子。所以原文前两段提出了两种相反的观点。因此选项A与原文行文逻辑一致，为正确选项。原文前两段只是陈述了两种观点，并没有对论点进行检验以及给出可解决的方法，因此选项B属于无中生有。原文前两段的确涉及时间，从Not too many decades ago到In recent years，但只有第二段才是研究结果的展示，而且展示的也不是城市生活质量，而是城镇之间人们自然关系的差异，因此选项C属于偷换概念。原文前两段表明的是城市和小镇之间人们自然关系的异同，这和生活的差异不是一个概念，选项D因此也属于偷换概念。第一段：过去人们认为现代社会淡薄了人们的亲情和邻里观念。第二段：研究表明即使在城市，人们除邻居外仍有密切交往的社交圈子。
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