2. 考研
  3. The early 1990s heard much talk of regionalism and the regionalization of world politics. Regional conflicts replaced the global

The early 1990s heard much talk of regionalism and the regionalization of world politics. Regional conflicts replaced the global

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问题     The early 1990s heard much talk of regionalism and the regionalization of world politics. Regional conflicts replaced the global conflict on the world’ s security agenda. Major powers, such as Russia, China, and the United States, as well as secondary powers, such as Sweden and Turkey, redefined their security interests in explicitly regional terms. Trade within regions expanded faster than trade between regions, and many foresaw the emergence of regional economic blocs, European, North American, East Asian, and perhaps others.
    The term " regionalism," however, does not adequately describe what was happening. Regions are geographical not political or cultural entities. As with the Balkans (巴尔干区域) or the Middle East, they may be riven by inter and intracivilization conflicts. Regions are a basis for cooperation among states only to the extent that geography coincides with culture. Divorced from culture, propinquity does not yield commonality and may foster just the reverse. Military alliances and economic associations require cooperation among their members, cooperation depends on trust, and trust most easily springs from common values and culture. As a result, while age and purpose also play a role, the overall effectiveness of regional organizations generally varies inversely with the civilizational diversity of their membership. By and large, single civilization organizations do more things and are more successful than multicivilizational organizations. This is true of both political and security organizations, on the one hand, and economic organizations, on the other.
    The success of NATO has resulted in large part from its being the central security organization of Western counties with common values and philosophical assumptions. The Western European U-nion is the product of a common European culture. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, on the other hand, includes countries from at least three civilizations with quite different values and interests which pose major obstacles to its developing a significant institutional identity and a wide range of important activities. The single civilization Caribbean Community, composed of thirteen English-speaking former British colonies, has created an extensive variety of cooperative arrangements, with more intensive cooperation among some sub-groupings.
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答案 20世纪90年代初，世界政治的地区主义和区域化引起众多讨论。地区冲突取代全球冲突，成为世界安全议程的重要议题。俄、中、美等世界主要大国和瑞典、土耳其等二级国家都对本国的安全利益用明确的地区化术语重新定义。地区内部的贸易比地区之间的贸易发展更为迅速。区域经济集团的出现已经被很多人预见。这些集团包括欧洲、北美、东亚，也可能出现在其他地区。 但是，“地区主义”这个术语还不足以描述世界正在发生的变化。“地区”通常用来指称地理实体而非政治或文化实体。例如，在巴尔干或中东地区，地区内部的文化冲突可能会使该地区的国家问产生裂痕。只有地理近缘和文化近缘同时满足时，地区才会成为国家之间合作的平台。如果文化存在冲突，地理位置的接近不但不会促成共同体的形成，相反，可能会造成地区的分裂。军事和经济的联盟需要地区内各个成员的合作。这种合作需要建立在相互信任之上，而信任通常衍生于共同的价值取向和文化取向。所以，区域组织的综合效力虽然受时代和自身目标的影响，但通常和成员国文化的多元化程度成反比。大体上看，文化单一的区域组织通常比文化多元的区域组织行事效率更高、更成功。不仅政治和安全方面的区域组织是这样，经济方面的区域组织也是这样。 作为西方国家安全联盟的中心，北大西洋公约组织能取得成功，很大程度上归功于这些西方国家价值取向和意识形态上的一致。同样，西欧联盟也是欧洲共同文化的产物。欧洲安全与合作组织则不同。该组织涵盖的国家至少来自三种价值和利益取向都迥然不同的文化。这些文化间的差异成为该组织完善体制、提高自身重要性和广泛开展重要活动过程中的主要障碍。文化单一的加勒比共同体则不同。该组织的十三个成员国都是说英语的国家，都曾是英国的殖民地。该共同体内的成员国达成了广泛的合作协议，其下属的一些亚组织也有着更为密切的合作。
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