首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t
admin
2010-02-20
23
问题
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an in- creasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. (424)
The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ______.
选项
A、sociology and chemistry
B、physics and psychology
C、sociology and psychology
D、physics and chemistry
答案
D
解析
推理判断题。原文的第二段第四句提出,这种趋势的明显表现在需要数学或实验训练的学科领域。显然,D应是最佳选择。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/XzqO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Researchershaveknownthatsecondhandsmokecanbejustasdangerousfornonsmokersassmokingisforsmokers,butnowthere’s
A、Theexamiscomingquickly,let’sgetreadyforit.B、Thebridgeisdangerous,don’twalkonit.C、Don’tthinktoomuchofthe
Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyques
A、Henry’searisabigproblemforhim.B、Henrykilledtheoldmanandgotmuchmoney.C、Henrywishedthathisfatherwouldleav
A、Learningtoabsorbandretrieveinformation.B、Developingconfidencetosolveproblems.C、Figuringoutschooltests.D、Spottin
A、thepresentationofnewinventions.B、thepromotionofculturalexchanges.C、theambitionofnationbranding.D、thecreationo
A、Fastfoodshouldbeavoidedbecauseithaslittlenutritiousvalue.B、Fastfoodbecomespopularbecauseofourfastpacedlife
A、Controllingthedeficit.B、Haltingthereal-estatecrisis.C、Preventingtheeconomicturmoil.D、Cuttingthehighunemployment
WhowasthefirstEnglishkingtobringallIrelandunderEnglishcontrol?’
随机试题
红细胞生成缺铁期:
新鲜冰冻血浆应保存在什么温度以下低温冰箱,保存期为多少个月
函数f(x)=10arctanx—3lnx的极大值是:
钢坯中厚板的原料堆放时,垛高不能超过()m。
某人以自己价值30万元的住宅分别向X保险公司、Y保险公司购买了保险金额为15万元和16万元的房屋保险,这两份保险属于()。
中国古代的哲学家公孙龙提出的“白马非马”的命题,其错误是割裂了事物的()。
如图所示,A、B的坐标分别为(1,0)、(0,2),若将线段AB平移到至A1B1,A1、B1的坐标分别为(2,a)、(b,3),则a+b=_________.
《中华人民共和国教育法》自颁布以来,已经经历了()次修正。
贯彻科教兴国战略的关键是()。
WhenthePortuguesebegantradingwithChinaintheearly1500s,【C1】______wasoneoftheluxurygoodstheycarriedhomeintheir
最新回复
(
0
)