首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Trust Me, I’m a Robot [A]With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces, roboticists
Trust Me, I’m a Robot [A]With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces, roboticists
admin
2018-10-16
37
问题
Trust Me, I’m a Robot
[A]With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safely implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences—an international group of scientists, academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons—the new group of robo-ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily.
[B]"Security and safety are the big concerns," says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes? Is "system malfunction" a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes(违反)the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians?
[C]"These questions may seem hard to understand but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant," says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s World Robotics Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600,000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers—a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of households should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen Stop right there
[D]So what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces? "Not enough," says Blay Whitby. This is hardly surprising given that the field of "safety-critical computing" is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer. One approach, which sounds simple enough, is try to program them to avoid contact with people altogether. But this is much harder than it sounds. Getting a robot to navigate across a cluttered room is difficult enough without having to take into account what its various limbs or appendages might bump into along the way.
[E]"Regulating the behaviour of robots is going to become more difficult in the future, since they will increasingly have self-learning mechanisms built into them," says Gianmarco Veruggio. "As a result, their behaviour will become impossible to predict fully," he says, "since they will not be behaving in predefined ways but will learn new behaviour as they go."
[F]Then there is the question of unpredictable failures. What happens if a robot’s motors stop working, or it suffers a system failure just as it is performing heart surgery or handing you a cup of hot coffee? You can, of course, build in redundancy by adding backup systems, says Hirochika Inoue. But this guarantees nothing, he says. "One hundred per cent safety is impossible through technology," says Dr. Inoue. This is because ultimately no matter how thorough you are, you cannot anticipate the unpredictable nature of human behaviour, he says. Or to put it another way, no matter how sophisticated your robot is at avoiding people, people might not always manage to avoid it, and could end up tripping over it and falling down the stairs.
Legal problems
[G]In any case, says Dr. Inoue, the laws really just summarize commonsense principles that are already applied to the design of most modern appliances, both domestic and industrial. Every toaster, lawn mower and mobile phone is designed to minimize the risk of causing injury—yet people still manage to electrocute(电死)themselves, lose fingers or fall out of windows in an effort to get a better signal. At the very least, robots must meet the rigorous safety standards that cover existing products. The question is whether new, robot-specific rules are needed—and, if so, what they should say.
[H]"Making sure robots are safe will be critical," says Colin Angle of iRobot, which has sold over 2m "Roomba" household-vacuuming robots. But he argues that his firm’s robots are, in fact, much safer than some popular toys. "A radio-controlled car controlled by a six-year old is far more dangerous than a Roomba," he says. If you tread on a Roomba, it will not cause you to slip over: instead, a rubber pad on its base grips the floor and prevents it from moving. "Existing regulations will address much of the challenge," says Mr. Angle. "I’m not yet convinced that robots are sufficiently different that they deserve special treatment."
[I]Robot safety is likely to surface in the civil courts as a matter of product liability. "When the first robot carpet-sweeper sucks up a baby, who will be to blame?" asks John Hallam, a professor at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense. If a robot is autonomous and capable of learning, can its designer be held responsible for all its actions? Today the answer to these questions is generally "yes". But as robots grow in complexity it will become a lot less clear cut, he says.
[J]"Right now, no insurance company is prepared to insure robots," says Dr. Inoue. But that will have to change, he says. Last month, Japan’s Ministry of Trade and Industry announced a set of safety guidelines for home and office robots. They will be required to have sensors to help them avoid collisions with humans: to be made from soft and light materials to rninimize harm if a collision does occur: and to have an emergency shut-off button. This was largely prompted by a big robot exhibition held last summer, which made the authorities realize that there are safety implications when thousands of people are not just looking at robots, but mingling with them, says Dr. Inoue.
[K]However, the idea that general-purpose robots, capable of learning, will become widespread is wrong, suggests Mr. Angle. It is more likely, he believes, that robots will be relatively dumb machines designed for particular tasks. Rather than a humanoid robot maid, "it’s going to be a heterogeneous(不同种类的)swarm of robots that will take care of the house," he says.
Right now, the laws can only summarize commonsense principles so as to reduce the chance of injury caused by robots.
选项
答案
G
解析
根据题目中的laws和summarize common sense principles定位至第二个小标题下G段。该段第1、2句提到,法律上仅概括出常识性的原理,这些原理已应用到电器设计中,以便将造成伤害的危险性降到最低。倒数第2句提到,机器人必须要达到现有产品的那些严格的安全标准,即机器人也必须要达到法律上概括出的常识性原理的要求。题目中的reduce the chance of injury对应原文minimize the risk of causing injury。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/YAH7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Inthe1920sAmericaenjoyedwhatwastobecomeknownas"anAgeofExcess".From1921-1929manufacturingoutputincreasedwith
AstudyconductedbyanAustralianscienceagencyhasdiscoveredsignsthatthecountry’sancientAboriginesmayhavebeenthew
AstudyconductedbyanAustralianscienceagencyhasdiscoveredsignsthatthecountry’sancientAboriginesmayhavebeenthew
Sevenyearsago,whenIwasvisitingGermany,Imetwithanofficialwhoexplainedtomethatthecountryhadaperfectsolution
NewDiscoveriesofPublicTransportA)AnewstudyconductedfortheWorldBankbyMurdochUniversity’sInstituteforScienceand
Ourbodiesexperienceanebbandflowofenergythroughouttheday.Thisiscalledacircadianrhythm,andithasbeenstudied【C
Ourbodiesexperienceanebbandflowofenergythroughouttheday.Thisiscalledacircadianrhythm,andithasbeenstudied【C
Westerndoctorsarebeginningtounderstandwhattraditionalhealershavealwaysknown,thatthebodyandthemindareinseparab
随机试题
以下各句中的“过”字,意思与其他选项不同的一项是()。
In2011,adogownernamedRobertuploadedavideotitled"Guilty!"toYouTube.Hehadcomehomefindinghistwodogsnearanemp
根据“因人制宜”原则,临床诊治疾病时应考虑患者的()(2006年第113题)
A、短暂性脑缺血发作B、脑出血C、蛛网膜下腔出血D、脑血栓形成E、脑栓塞多在安静休息或睡眠时发病
某可燃物堆场,室外消火栓的设计流量为55L/s,室外消火栓选用DNl50,其出水流量为15L/s。根据室外消火栓设计流量,该堆场的室外消火栓数量不应少于()个。
下列关于基金从业资格取得方式的说法中,正确的是()。
获得的觉是自觉、觉他的是()。
下列选项中,当用户发出查询数据库数据的命令时,数据库管理系统需要进行的检查是()。
中国特色社会主义法律体系是以宪法为统帅,由法律、行政法规和地方性法规等多个层次的法律规范构成。这些法律规范由不同立法主体按照宪法和法律规定的立法权限制定,具有不同法律效力.都是中国特色社会主义法律体系的有机组成部分。其中,《合同法》所属的独立法律部门是
A、Thevalueofknowinghumanhistory.B、Theimportanceofsharinginformation.C、Howtobringbackthreatenedlanguages.D、Whye
最新回复
(
0
)