2. 外语
  3. In most countries a PhD is a basic requirement for a career in academia. It is a(n) 【C1】______to the world of independent resear

In most countries a PhD is a basic requirement for a career in academia. It is a(n) 【C1】______to the world of independent resear

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问题     In most countries a PhD is a basic requirement for a career in academia. It is a(n) 【C1】______to the world of independent research — a kind of intellectual【C2】______, created by an apprentice in close collaboration with a(n) 【C3】______. The requirements to complete one【C4】______enormously between countries, universities and even【C5】______. Some students will first have to spend two years working on a【C6】______degree of diploma. Some will receive a stipend; others will【C7】______their own way. Some PhDs【C8】______only research, some require【C9】______and examinations and some require the student to teach undergraduates. A(n) 【C10】______can be dozens of pages in mathematics, or many hundreds in history. As a result, newly minted PhDs can be as young as their【C11】______20s or world-weary forty-【C12】______.
    One thing many PhD students have in【C13】______is dissatisfaction. Some describe their work【C14】______"slave labor". Seven-day weeks, ten-hour days, low pay and uncertain【C15】______are widespread. You know you are a graduate student,【C16】______one quip, when your office is better decorated than your home and you have a favorite flavor of【C17】______noodles. "It isn’t graduate school itself that is discouraging," says one student, who confesses to rather enjoying the hunt for free pizza. "What’s discouraging is realizing the end point has been pulled out of reach."
    Whining PhD students are nothing new, but there seem to be genuine problems【C18】______the system that produces research doctorates(the practical "professional doctorates" in fields such as law, business and medicine have a more obvious value). There is an oversupply of PhDs. Although a doctorate is【C19】______as training for a job in academia, the number of PhD positions is【C20】______to the number of job openings.
【C4】
选项 A、change
B、alter
C、fluctuate
D、vary
答案D
解析 空白处说要求在各个国家、大学和学科间有巨大的差异，D选项做不及物动词，表示“不同”，符合原文意思。A和B侧重于“使发生变化，修改’’。C选项表示“浮动”。因此，D选项正确。
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