2. 外语
  3. Like many concepts in social psychology, aggression has many definitions, even many evaluations. (1)Some think of aggression as

Like many concepts in social psychology, aggression has many definitions, even many evaluations. (1)Some think of aggression as

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问题     Like many concepts in social psychology, aggression has many definitions, even many evaluations. (1)Some think of aggression as a great virtue(e, g. "the aggressive businessperson"), while others see aggression.
    The fact they we do keep the same word anyway suggests that there is a commonality: Both positive and negative aggression serve to enhance the self. (2)The positive version, which we could call assertiveness, is acting in a way that enhances the self, without the implication that we are hurting someone else. The negative version, which we might call violence, focuses more on the" disenchantment of others as a means to the same end.
    Although the life of animals often seems rather bloody, we must take care not to confuse predation--the hunting and killing of other animals for food-with aggression. (3)Predation in carnivorous species has more in common with grazing in vegetarian species than with aggression between members of the same species. Take a good look at your neighborhood cat hunting a mouse: He is cool, composed, not hot and crazed. In human terms, there is not the usual emotional correlate of aggression: anger. He is simply taking care of business.
    That taken care of, there remains remarkably little aggression in the animal world. But it does remain. We find it most often in circumstances of competition over a resource.(4)This resource must be important for" fitness," that is, relevant to one’s individual or reproductive success. Further, it must be restricted in abundance: Animals do not, for example, compete for air, but may for water, food, nesting areas, and mates.
    It is the last item-mates-that accounts for most aggression in mammals. And it is males that are most noted for this aggression.(5)As we mentioned earlier, females have so much at stake in any act of copulation (求偶结合)-so many months gestation, the increased energy requirement, susceptibility to attack, the dangers of birth, the responsibility of lactation-that it serves their fitness to be" picky" when looking for a partner. If females are picky, males must be show-offs: The male must demonstrate that he has the qualities that serve the female’s fitness, in order to serve his own fitness. Deer are a good example. Mind you, this need not be conscious or learned; in all likelihood, it is all quite instinctual in most mammals. It may possibly have some instinctual bases in us as well.
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答案 有人认为好斗是一个很大的优点(比如，“一个积极肯干的商人”)，可是也有人把好斗的性格看成是有精神疾病的一种症状。 本句是由while的连接并列句表示对比，相当于whereas，译作“而”、“可是”。virtue有“美德、优点”之意，此处可以翻译为优点。symptomatic意为“症状”，在此处可以增译为“(一种)症状”。 2．我们可以把褒义的版本叫做有自信心的，这种行为只是增强自己的能力，并没有暗示说我们是在伤害其他人。 本句的结构是the positive version(主语)+which…(引导的定语从句修饰主语)+is acting(谓语)…without(引导伴随状语)…。翻译时，应先翻译which引导的定语，然后再翻译主句。enhance the self可以采用增译法，翻译成“增强自己的能力”，使行文更通顺。version指代的是aggression。词汇assertiveness是“自信”的意思，更确切的说此词形容的是一个结合自信，优良沟通技巧，多年的经验，良好的人际关系等等许多特质而产生出来的一种能力的总和。 3．肉食动物的捕食行为与草食动物吃草的行为类似，而与同种动物之间的争斗不同。 句子中有个比较结构：Predation in carnivorous species…more in common with…than with，这样肯定的是than前面的内容，否定了than后面的内容。词汇方面，predation意为“捕食方式”，carnivorous species意为“食肉动物”，grazing意为牧草，vegetarian species意为“食草动物”。 4．这种资源必须是对动物的“健康”有重要意义的，也就是说，与动物个体的生存和繁殖息息相关的资源。 relevant是形容词，与to连用表示的是“(与……)有关的”，修饰fitness。在翻译的时候， individual and reproductive success需要变通，不可直译，可翻译为“个体的生存和繁殖”。Reproductive意为“生殖的”。 5．如前所述，雌性动物任何的交配行为都会使自己处于危险状态之中，比如长达几个月的怀孕期之中能量的需求会增加，此时期很容易受到攻击，在生产的时候和承担哺乳责任的时候也很危险，因此为了保证自己的健康，它们在挑选配偶的时候会非常的“挑剔”。 句子主干：females have so much at stake…that…。此句用破折号连接了一个插入语，解释了so much at stake的具体内容，在翻译时可以用举例的方式翻译出来，并对列举的内容做适当的调整，以使行文通顺。词汇方面：at stake意为“危险”，gestation意为“怀孕”，susceptibility to attack意为“易受攻击的”，lactation意为“哺乳期”，picky意为“吹毛求疵的，好挑剔的，过分讲究的”。
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