首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Forgetting I. Early researches Hermann Ebbinghaus: a forgetting______【T1】______ Other researchers:______fades more slowly【T2】___
Forgetting I. Early researches Hermann Ebbinghaus: a forgetting______【T1】______ Other researchers:______fades more slowly【T2】___
admin
2016-10-21
78
问题
Forgetting
I. Early researches
Hermann Ebbinghaus: a forgetting______【T1】______
Other researchers:______fades more slowly【T2】______
II. Measuring forgetting and______in three ways:【T3】______
A. ______: remembering without external cues【T4】______
e.g.______questions【T5】______
B. recognition: identifying______using external cues【T6】______
e.g. true-or-false questions/multiple-choice questions
C______【T7】______
e.g. measuring the time saved for second time learning of the same list
III. for forgetting【T8】______
A. ineffective encoding — processing information______【T9】______
Thinking about the meaning of the concepts results in better
memory than just reading them.
B. ______— causing loss of information from sensory and【T10】______
short-term memory
C. interference — causing loss of______【T11】______
a. retroactive interference
making it easier to forget______【T12】______
b. ______interference【T13】______
D. retrieval failure — using wrong______【T14】______
E. motivated forgetting or psychogenic amnesia
repression: hiding______thoughts and feelings【T15】______
in the unconscious
F. physical injury or trauma
【T14】
In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)you fill in is(are)both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.
You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.
(a thirty-second interval)
Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.
Forgetting
Good morning. If I ask you " Have you ever forgotten anything?" I guess the answer will mostly be "Yes." We all forget things. Today, we shall discuss how we measure forgetting and retention and why we forget things.
Memory researchers certainly haven’t forgotten Hermann Ebbinghaus, the first person to do scientific studies of forgetting, using himself as a subject. He spent a lot of time memorizing endless lists of nonsense syllables and then testing himself to see whether he remembered them. He found that he forgot most of what he learned during the first few hours after learning it. On that basis, he drew a forgetting curve which shows how quickly learned information is forgotten over time.
Later researchers have found that forgetting doesn’t always occur that quickly. Meaningful information fades more slowly than nonsense syllables. The rate at which people forget or retain information also depends on what method is used to measure forgetting and retention. Retention is the proportion of learned information that is retained or remembered — the flip side of forgetting.
Researchers measure forgetting and retention in three different ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall is remembering without any external cues. For example, essay questions test recall of knowledge because nothing on a blank sheet of paper will jog the memory.
Recognition is identifying learned information using external cues. For example, true-or-false questions and multiple-choice questions test recognition because the previously learned information is there on the page, along with other options. In general, recognition is easier than recall.
When using the relearning method to measure retention, a researcher might ask a subject to memorize a long grocery list. She might measure how long he has to practice before he remembers every item. Suppose it takes him ten minutes. On another day, she gives him the same list again and measures how much time he takes to relearn the list. Suppose he now learns it in five minutes. He has saved five minutes of learning time, or 50 percent of the original time it took him to learn it. His savings score of 50 percent indicates that he retained 50 percent of the information he learned the first time.
Then why do we forget? Researches suggest that there are all together six main reasons for forgetting.
First, ineffective encoding. The way information is encoded affects the ability to remember it. Processing information at a deeper level makes it harder to forget. If a student thinks about the meaning of the concepts in her textbook rather than just reading them, she’ll remember them better when the final exam comes around. If the information is not encoded properly — such as if the student simply skims over the textbook while paying more attention to the TV — it is more likely to be forgotten.
Secondly, decay. According to decay theory, memory fades with time. Decay explains the loss of memories from sensory and short-term memory. However, loss of long-term memories does not seem to depend on how much time has gone by since the information was learned. People might easily remember their first day in junior high school but completely forget what they learned in class last Tuesday.
Thirdly, interference. Interference theory has a better account of why people lose long-term memories. According to this theory, people forget information because of interference from other learned information. There are two types of interference: retroactive and proactive.
Retroactive interference happens when newly learned information makes people forget old information.
Proactive interference happens when old information makes people forget newly learned information.
Fourthly, retrieval failure. Forgetting may also result from failure to retrieve information in memory, such as if the wrong sort of retrieval cue is used. For example, Dan may not be able to remember the name of his fifth-grade teacher. However, the teacher’s name might suddenly pop into Dan’s head if he visits his old grade school and sees his fifth-grade classroom. The classroom would then be acting as a context cue for retrieving the memory of his teacher’s name.
Fifthly, motivated forgetting. Psychologist Sigmund Freud proposed that people forget because they push unpleasant or intolerable thoughts and feelings deep into their unconscious. He called this phenomenon repression. The idea that people forget things they don’t want to remember is also called motivated forgetting or psychogenic amnesia.
Sixthly, physical injury or trauma. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occur after an injury or traumatic event. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occurred before an injury or traumatic event.
In spite of all these reasons for forgetting, people can still remember a vast amount of information. In addition, memory can be enhanced in a variety of ways, including rehearsal, overlearning, distributed practice, minimizing interference, deep processing, organizing information, mnemonic devices, and visual imagery. We are going to deal with those methods in our next lecture. Thank you for your time.
选项
答案
retrieval cues
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Yk7O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
TheSoundandtheFuryisthemasterpieceof______,aleadingnovelistoftheSouthernLiterature.
Whattypeofsentenceis"Theresultisthatmostofourso-calledreasoningconsistsinfindingargumentsforgoingonbelievin
TheRomanticPeriodofAmericanliteraturestartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving’s______andendedwithWhitman’sLea
______isthefirstAmericanwriterwhoisgrantedNobelPrizeofLiterature.
Humansareforeverforgettingthattheycan’tcontrolnature.Exactlytwentyyearsago,theTimemagazinecoverstoryannounced【
Humansareforeverforgettingthattheycan’tcontrolnature.Exactlytwentyyearsago,theTimemagazinecoverstoryannounced【
Humansareforeverforgettingthattheycan’tcontrolnature.Exactlytwentyyearsago,theTimemagazinecoverstoryannounced【
Inthelongest-termstudyofitskind,researcherspittedtwopopulardietsheadtohead—alow-fatAmericanHeartAssociation
当我在小学毕了业的时候,亲友一致的愿意我去学手艺,好帮助母亲。我晓得我应当去找饭吃,以减轻母亲的勤劳困苦。可是,我也愿意升学。我偷偷地考入了师范学校——制服,饭食,书籍,宿处,都由学校供给。只有这样,我才敢对母亲提升学的话。入学,要交十元的保证金。这是一笔
随机试题
A、30dollars.B、40dollars.C、50dollars.D、60dollars.B
下列组合,错误的是
患者,女,60岁。急性化脓性乳腺炎切开排脓,用红升丹药条引流2天,周围出现大片皮疹,瘙痒,疮口脓腐未尽。外治应首选
属于组织适应性改变的是
公司向其他有限责任公司或股份有限公司分期、分批投资,其累计投资额超过本公司净资产的50%的,法律是否允许?( )
某承包人交付成果可能延误30天,估算该风险发生的概率和对项目影响的过程称为()
在建设工程安全生产管理的基本制度中,“安全第一、预防为主”的具体体现是( ),它是企业民主管理的重要内容。
装配某仪器要用到228个元器件,使用更先进的电子元件后,只要22只就够了。如果每个元器件或电子元件能正常工作1000小时以上的概率为0.998,并且这些元件工作状态是相互独立的,仪表中每个元件都正常工作时,仪表才能正常工作,写出两种场合下仪表能正常工作10
村民任某丧夫,育有独生儿子小君。任某与小君的爷爷、奶奶共同居住,共同照料小君。后任某改嫁邻村王某,小君的爷爷、奶奶不允许任某将小君带走,要求自行监护。关于对小君监护权的说法,正确的是()
______isthecapitalcityofNewZealand.
最新回复
(
0
)