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  3. Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to

Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to

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问题     Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.
    Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.
    Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.
Formal agents of social control include the following EXCEPT________.
选项 A、police stations
B、mental hospitals
C、welfare agencies
D、vocational schools
答案D
解析 题目问正式的社会控制代理不包括哪一个。根据题干Formal agents of social control定位至第2段第6句。D项“职业学校”在句中并未被提及，因此并不是正式的社会控制代理所包括的内容，故答案为D项。第2段第6句提到，正式的社会代理包括精神病学和其他心理健康专业人士、精神病医院、警察局、法院、监狱和社会福利机构，因此可排除A项“警察局”，B项“精神病医院”和C项“福利机构”。
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