2. 外语
  3. As society changes, social values and linguistic values begin to diverge. Language contains traditional values—this is which is

As society changes, social values and linguistic values begin to diverge. Language contains traditional values—this is which is

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问题     As society changes, social values and linguistic values begin to diverge.
Language contains traditional values—this is which is implied in the ideas of【M1】______
social conditioning and social learning. In a static society, traditional values
are unquestioned. Hence social learning takes the form of social
conditioning. Social conditioning is the unquestioned or confused adherence
with social norms, and occurs when society is taken to be self-referential.【M2】______
Society is the judge of their own needs.【M3】______
    The only circumstance which normally breaks social conditioning in some【M4】______
degrees is change. Therefore in a period of fast social change, chaos occurs as【M5】______
social norms are questioned, altered and perhaps even rejected. New norms
are slowly generated. This chaos ensure that society can no longer be【M6】______
regarded as being self-referential.
    In this situation of chaos, language is grasped as being self-referential.
Then language is no longer necessary tied to social reality. In such times,【M7】______
values change as the values within language change and we may witness
radical innovation in artistic genres.
    For example, the nineteenth century saw the focus on art for art’s sake,
with science for science’s sake(neither art nor science was to be dependent【M8】______
on values external to themselves, such as social usefulness). Then the
problem of grappling with the new possibilities of language produced the
dense symbolism of the French poet Mallarme. In twentieth-century literal【M9】______
theory the text has become autonomous and self-contained, and/or the reader
has acquired a total freedom in his interpretation of the text.【M10】______
【M9】
选项
答案literal—literary
解析 近义词误用。该句表达的意思是“文学理论”。literal的意思是“文字的，逐字的”，而literary则表示“文学的”，故将literal改为literary。
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