首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory" Jean Piaget, the famous Swiss developmental psychologist, changed the way we think ab
"Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory" Jean Piaget, the famous Swiss developmental psychologist, changed the way we think ab
admin
2018-07-24
51
问题
"Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory"
Jean Piaget, the famous Swiss developmental psychologist, changed the way we think about the development of children’s minds. Piaget’s theory states that children go through four stages as they actively construct their understanding of the world. Two processes underlie this cognitive construction of the world: organization and adaptation. To make sense of our world, we organize our experiences. For example, we separate important ideas from less important ideas and we connect one idea to another. In addition to organizing our observations and experiences, we adapt, adjusting to new environmental demands.
As the infant or child seeks to construct an understanding of the world, said Piaget, the developing brain creates schemes. These are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Assimilation and Accommodation. To explain how children use and adapt their schemes, Piaget offered two concepts: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Accommodation occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account. Think about a toddler who has learned the word car to identify the family’s car. The toddler may call all moving vehicles on roads "cars," including motorcycles and trucks; the child has assimilated these objects to his or her existing scheme. But the child soon learns that motorcycles and trucks are not cars and fine-tunes the category to exclude motorcycles and trucks, accommodating the scheme.
Assimilation and accommodation operate even in the very young infant’s life. Newborns reflexively suck everything that touches their lips; they assimilate all sorts of objects into their sucking scheme. By sucking different objects, they learn about their taste, texture, shape, and so on. After several months of experience though, they construct their understanding of the world differently. Some objects, such as fingers and the mother’s breast, can be sucked, but others, such as fuzzy blankets, should not be sucked. In other words, they accommodate their sucking scheme.
Piaget also held that we go through four stages in understanding the world. Each of the stages is age-related and consists of distinct ways of thinking. Remember, it is the different way of understanding the world that makes one stage more advanced than another; knowing more information does not make the child’s thinking more advanced, in the Piagetian view. This is what Piaget meant when he said the child’s cognition is qualitatively different in one stage compared to another. A What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
B The sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the first Piagetian stage. In this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions—hence the term sensorimotor. C At the end of the stage, 2-year-olds have sophisticated sensorimotor patterns and are beginning to operate with primitive symbols. D
The preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age, is Piaget’s second stage. In this stage, children begin to go beyond simply connecting sensory information with physical action. However, according to Piaget, preschool children still lack the ability to perform what he calls operations, which are internalized mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they previously did physically. For example, if you imagine putting two sticks together to see whether they would be as long as another stick without actually moving the sticks, you are performing a concrete action.
The concrete operational stage, which lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age, is the third Piagetian stage. In this stage, children can perform operations, and logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples. For instance, concrete operational thinkers cannot imagine the steps necessary to complete an algebraic equation, which is too abstract for thinking at this stage of development.
The formal operational stage, which appears between the ages of 11 and 15, is the fourth and final Piagetian stage. In this stage, individuals move beyond concrete experiences and think in abstract and more logical terms. As part of thinking more abstractly, adolescents develop images of ideal circumstances. They might think about what an ideal parent is like and compare their parents to this ideal standard. They begin to entertain possibilities for the future and are fascinated with what they can be. In solving problems, formal operational thinkers are more systematic, developing hypotheses about why something is happening the way it is, then testing these hypotheses in a deductive manner.
What can be inferred from the passage about people who are older than 15 years of age?
选项
A、They must have completed all of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.
B、They are probably in the formal operational state of development.
C、They have mastered deductive reasoning and are beginning to learn intuitively.
D、They may still not be able to solve problems systematically.
答案
A
解析
Because the formal operational stage is the last stage in Piaget’s theory, and the age range is between 11 and 15, it must be concluded that people who are older than 15 have completed all of the stages. Choice B is not correct because the age range for the formal operational stage is between 11 and 15. Choice C is not correct because logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought in the concrete operational stage from 7 to 11 years of age. Choice D is not correct because there is no evidence to support this conclusion in the passage.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/YtfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.The"ReturningStudentsAdvisor"ConsultationWhatistheman’sgreatestweakness?
Completetheformbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.ExampleAnswerAim:protectinge
Choosethecorrectanswer,A,BorC.WhatchangecausedchangesincrocodilepopulationsinNorthAfrica?
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.Thereisnoneedto______lotsofpeople.
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.WhatdoestheprofessoradviseDouglastodoabouttheformationofthefocusgroups?
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.Therestaurantisfamousfor
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.Thestudentneedsa______todothepresentation.
Whichadvantageismentionedforeachofthefollowingrestaurants?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter
A、TheycharacterizestagesinWright’scareerB、WrightdiedwhiletheywerebeingconstructedC、TheywereWright’searliestbuil
NarratorListentothelectureinbusinessclassWhichofthefollowingstatementaretrue?Clickon2answers.
随机试题
下述哪项不是急性肾功能不全多尿期出现多尿的机制
与购买法相比,权益结合法的不同之处表现在()
Followthefollowingtipstoreduceyourstresstomanageablelevels!Avoid"Must"think.Letgoofthenotionthatyoumustdo
A.肝性脑病B.上消化道出血C.肝肾综合征D.肝肺综合征肝硬化最严重的并发症是
A.由实转虚B.因虚致实C.实中夹虚D.虚中夹实E.真虚假实正气不足,无力驱邪外出,而内生水湿的是()。
某市政工程公司进行地下管道安装施工,李某作为项目经理违反安全管理规定安排工人作业,造成2名工人死亡。根据《刑法》及相关司法解释,李某的行为涉嫌构成()。
建设单位应当将拆除工程发包给具有相应资质等级的施工单位。建设单位应当在拆除工程施工( )日前,将有关资料报送建设工程所在地的县级以上地方人民政府主管部门或者其他有关部门备案。
(2010年考试真题)根据ETF跟踪的指数不同,可以将ETF分为()。
甲公司2015年和2016年的销售净利率分别为10%和12%,总资产周转率分别为6和5,假定资产负债率保持不变。则与2015年相比,甲公司2016年净资产收益率变动趋势为()。
道德不仅对社会关系有调节作用、对人们行为有教育作用,而且对经济基础有巩固作用。()
最新回复
(
0
)