首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gust
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gust
admin
2010-04-28
23
问题
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung.
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some Would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud’s theory is that human behavior is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud’s theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior: structural, dynamic, and developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one’s instinctual needs and drives. Freud posed that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.
The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical( 伦理的 ) or moral aspect of personality: It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "con- science" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.
Freud’s dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud’s "instinct" differed in that it. refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one’s emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform their work and is derived from primitive biological urges--for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud’s developmental concepts included identification, displacement, defense mechanisms and psycho- sexual stages. Identification labels the behavior of an individual who imitates another person or group( movie star, gangster, etc. ). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence: oral (breast-sucking babyhood), anal (toilet-training period), phallic( 36 years’ development of sexual feelings), latancy (intermediate stage between phallic and be-ginning of puberty (青春期), and genital( formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism (自我陶醉)
Freud’s two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud’s theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for human behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.
Freud’s concepts included a ______.
选项
A、denial of instinctive behavior in animals and humans
B、belief that religion properly modled the conscience so that the id could be controlled
C、belief that human behavior can be explained primarily by the unconscious motives of individuals
D、belief that human behavior is completely controlled by the "conscience" part
答案
C
解析
在文章的第二段可以看到The main hypothesis of Freud’s theory is that human behavior is determined primarily by unconscious motives,可以看出它与选项C相似。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/ZCqO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
ManypeoplearesurprisedtolearnthatAntarcticaisnearlytwicethesizeoftheUnitedStates.ThenameAntarcticawascoined
WhenSheltonJohnsonwas5,hisfamilytookhimtoBerchtesgadenNationalParkintheBavarianAlps.Now52,hestillremembers
Theabilitytonegotiatesuccessfully,toreachagreementswithotherpeopleorparties,isakeyskillinanybusiness.Thisne
A、Becausetheyarequitepopulartoday.B、Becausetheyareimportantinpeople’slife.C、Becausepeopleoftendiscussthesesite
Schoolbullyingisquitecommoninmostschools.AccordingtotheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,approximately40%to80%o
Afteracenturyandahalfascordialneighbors,twoofthenation’sbiggestranchesfindthemselvesfeudingliketheHatfields
Publicdistrustofscientistsstemsinpartfromtheblurringofboundariesbetweenscienceandtechnology,betweendiscoveryan
HungerandfoodinsecurityhavebeencalledAmerica’s"hiddencrisis."Atthesametime,andapparentlyparadoxically,obesity
LasVegaswasfounded【B1】______yearsagoandwasofficially【B2】______in1905.Sincethen,LasVegashastransformeditselfint
随机试题
A.具发汗平喘作用B.具抗菌作用C.具镇痛作用D.具镇静麻醉作用E.具消肿利尿抗肿瘤作用粉防己碱
某新建高速公路拟经过农田集中分布区,可减少公路建设对农田占用的工程措施有()。
某工程项目业主采用工程量清单招标方式确定了承包人,双方签订了工程施工合同,合同工期4个月,开工时间为2011年4月1日。该项目的主要价款信息及合同付款条款如下:(1)承包商各月计划完成的分部分项工程费、措施费,见表5-1。(2)项目措施费为16
通风系统的组成一般包括()等。
对于内照射的放射性防护方法,正确的是()。
对于安装在公共建筑内厨房的排油烟管道与竖向排风管连接的支管处设置的防火阀,公称动作温度为()℃。
甲、乙、丙、丁共同投资设立了A有限合伙企业(以下简称A企业)。合伙协议仅约定:甲、乙为普通合伙人,分别出资10万元;丙、丁为有限合伙人,分别出资15万元;由甲执行合伙企业事务,对外代表A企业。A企业存续期间,发生以下事项:(1)2月,合
甲公司严重资不抵债,因不能清偿到期债务向法院申请破产。下列财产属于债务人财产的是()。
根据相关法律法规的规定,醉酒的人在醉酒状态中,在一定情形下应当对其采取管制性措施约束至酒醒。( )
Readthetextsfromamagazinearticleinwhichfivepeoplearetalkingaboutfriendship.Forquestions1to5,matchthenameo
最新回复
(
0
)