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  3. The men and women of Anglo-Saxon England normally bore one name only. Distinguishing epithets were rarely added. These might be

The men and women of Anglo-Saxon England normally bore one name only. Distinguishing epithets were rarely added. These might be

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问题     The men and women of Anglo-Saxon England normally bore one name only. Distinguishing epithets were rarely added. These might be patronymic, descriptive or occupational. They were, however, hardly surnames. Heritable names gradually became general in the three centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066. It was not until the 13th and 14th centuries that surnames became fixed, although for many years after that, the degree of stability in family names varied considerably in different parts of the country.
    British surnames fall mainly into four broad categories: patronymic, occupational, descriptive and local. A few names, it is true, will remain puzzling: foreign names, perhaps, crudely translated, adapted or abbreviated; or artificial names.
    In fact, over fifty per cent of genuine British surnames derive from place names of different kinds, and so they belong to the last of our four main categories. Even such a name as Simpson may belong to this last group, and not to the first, had the family once had its home in the ancient village of that name. Otherwise, Simpson means "the son of Simon" , as might be expected.
    Hundreds of occupational surnames are at once familiar to us, or at least recognisable after a little thought: Archer, Carter, Fisher, Mason, Thatcher, Taylor, to name but a few. Hundreds of others are more obscure in their meanings and testify to the amazing specialization in medieval arts, crafts and functions. Such are "Day" (old English for breadmaker) and "Walker" (a fuller whose job was to clean and thicken newly made cloth).
    All these vocational names carry with them a certain gravity and dignity, which descriptive names often lack. Some, it is true, like "Long" "Short" or "Little" , are simple. They may be taken quite literally. Others require more thinking; their meanings are slightly different from the modern ones. "Black" and "White" implied dark and fair respectively. "Sharp" meant genuinely discerning, alert, acute rather than quick-witted or clever.
    Place-names have a lasting interest since there is hardly a town or village in all England that has not at some time given its name to a family. They may be picturesque, even poetical; or they may be pedestrian, even trivial. Among the commoner names which survive with relatively little change from old-English times are "Milton" (middle enclosure) and "Hilton" (enclosure on a hill).
The underlined word "epithets   in Paragraph 1 most probably means
选项 A、a name shared by all the members of a family
B、a word in front of a person’s name to show their rank or profession
C、an offensive word or phrase that is used about a person or group of people
D、an adjective or phrase that is used to describe somebody/something’s character or most important quality
答案D
解析 词汇题。根据第一段的前四句话“The men and women of Anglo-Saxon England normally bore one name only．Distinguishing epithets were rarely added．These might be patronyrme，descriptive or occupational．They were，however，hardly surnames”可知，盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的英国人，无论男女通常都只有一个名字，他们的名字后很少加有区别的epithets。这些epithets可能是源于父名的、描述性的或与职业有关的词语，但在那时还不是姓。A项“家族所有成员共用的一个名字”与distinguishing矛盾，排除；B项错在in front of；C项错在an offensive word or phrase，原文未提及；D项“用来描述某人／某事的特征或重要品质的形容词或短语”符合文意。故本题选D。
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