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  3. 　 　Classical physics defines the vacuum as a state of absence :a vacuum is said to exist in a region of space if there is nothi

　 　Classical physics defines the vacuum as a state of absence :a vacuum is said to exist in a region of space if there is nothi

admin2010-06-30  85
问题 　  　Classical physics defines the vacuum as a state of absence :a vacuum is said to exist in a region of space if there is nothing in it. In the quantum field theories that describe the physics of elementary particles, the vacuum becomes somewhat more complicated. Even in empty space, particles can appear spontaneously as a result of fluctuations of the vacuum. For example, an electron and a positron, or antielectron, can be created out of the void(空间).Particles created in this way have only a fleeting existence; they are annihilated(消亡) almost as soon as they appear, and their presence can never be detected directly. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles, whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way, and which can be detected. So it is still possible to define the vacuum as a space that has no real particles in it.
      One might expect that the vacuum would always be the state of lowest possible energy for a given region of space. If an area is initially empty and a real particle is put into it, the total energy, it seems, should be raised by at least the energy equivalent of the mass of the added particle. A surprising result of some recent theoretical investigations is that this assumption is not invariably tree. There are conditions under which the introduction of a real particle of finite mass into an empty region of space can reduce the total energy. If the reduction in energy is great enough, an electron and a positron will be instantly created. Under these conditions the electron and positron are not a result of vacuum fluctuations but are real particles, which exist indefinitely and can be detected. In other words, under these conditions the vacuum is an unstable state and can decay(衰)into a state of lower energy; that is one in which real particles are created.
      The necessary condition for the decay of the vacuum is the presence of an intense electric field. As a result of the decay of the vacuum, the space permeated by such a field can be said to obtain an electric charge, and it can be called a charged vacuum. The particles that materialize in the space make the charge vacuum is likely to be found in only one place: in the immediate vicinity of a super heavy atomic nucleus(原子核) ,one with about twice as many protons as the heaviest natural nuclei known. A nucleus that large cannot be stable, but it might be possible to assemble one next to a vacuum for long enough to observe the decay of the vacuum. Experiments attempting to achieve this are now under way.
Physicists’ recent investigations of the decay of the vacuum, as described in the passage, most closely resemble which of the following hypothetical events in other disciplines?
选项 A、On the basis of data gathered in a carefully controlled laboratory experiment, a chemist predicts and then demonstrates the physical properties of a newly synthesized polymer.
B、On the basis of manipulations of macroeconomic theory, an economist predicts that, contrary to accepted economic theory, inflation and unemployment will both decline under conditions of rapid economic growth.
C、on the basis of a rereading of the texts of Jane Austen’ s novels, a literary critic suggests that, contrary to accepted literary interpretations, Austen’s plots were actually metaphors for political events in early nineteenth-century England.
D、on the basis of data gathered in carefully planned observations of several species of birds, a biologist proposes a modification in the accepted theory of interspecies competition.
答案B
解析 物理学家对真空衰减的研究和下列哪个假设相似：在宏观经济学理论下，经济学家预测，和通常人们普遍认同的经济理论相反，在经济快速增长的条件下，失业率和通货膨胀都减小。和文章的理论相同：If the reduction in energy is great enough，an eletron and positron will be instantly created．如果能量减少的很多，那么负电子和正电子同时产生。故应选B。
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