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  3. What are feelings for? Most nonscientists will find this a strange question. Feelings justify themselves. Emotions give meaning

What are feelings for? Most nonscientists will find this a strange question. Feelings justify themselves. Emotions give meaning

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问题       What are feelings for? Most nonscientists will find this a strange question. Feelings justify themselves. Emotions give meaning and depth to life. They need, serve no other purpose in order to exist. On the other hand, many evolutionary biologists, in contrast to animal behaviorists, acknowledge some emotions primarily for their survival function. For both animals and humans, fear motivates the avoidance of danger, love is necessary to care for young, and anger prepares one to hold ground. But the fact that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that that is why it is done. Other scientists have attributed the same behavior to conditioning, to learned responses. Certainly reflexes and fixed action patterns can occur without feeling or conscious thought. A gull chick pecks at a red spot above it. The parent has a red spot on its bill; the chick pecks the parent’s bill. The gull parent feeds its chick when pecked on the bill. The baby gets fed. The interaction need have no emotional content.
     At the same time, there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content. In mammals—including humans—that have given birth, mill is often released automatically when a new baby cries. This is not under voluntary control; it is reflex. Yet this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love. Humans have feeling about their behavior even if it is conditioned or reflexive. Yet since reflexes exist, and conditioned behavior is widespread, measurable, and observable, most scientists try to explain animal behavior using only these concepts. It is simpler.
     Preferring to explain behavior in ways that fit science’s methods most easily, scientists have refused-to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones. Scientific orthodoxy (正统) holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist, or is unworthy of serious attention. But emotional explanations for animal behavior need not be impossibly complex or unstable. They are just more difficult for the scientific method to verify in the usual ways, cleverer and more sophisticated approaches are called for. Most branches of science are more willing to make successive approximations to what may prove ultimately unknowable, rather than ignoring it altogether.
According to the author, most scientists explain animal behaviors in terms of reflexes and conditioning because
选项 A、only humans have emotions.
B、only animals have both learned and emotional behavior.
C、emotions are more difficult to measure and observe than reflexive behavior.
D、reflexes and conditioning will lead to better understanding of animal emotion.
答案C
解析 本题考查推理判断。从第二段最后两句和第三段首句可以看出：科学家喜欢用反射和条件作用来解释动物行为，是因为反射和条件作用更简便。所以他们就不考虑其他的因素。这意味着，情感作为激发行为的一种因素比较难驾御。文章第一段中的“for both animals and humans”后面提到的“fear”，“love”，“anger”等都属于“emotion”的范畴，说明动物同样有情感，排除A ；选项B 与原文意思相反；第二段倒数第二句中提到用“reflexes”和“conditioned behavior”解释“animal behavior”，而选项D 指的是“animal emotions”，因此排除 D 。
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