Malnutrition and the Diseases of Poverty Malnutrition disproportionately affects those in sub-Saharan Africa. Over 35 percent

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问题 Malnutrition and the Diseases of Poverty
   Malnutrition disproportionately affects those in sub-Saharan Africa. Over 35 percent of children under the age of 5 in sub-Saharan Africa show 【L1】______ signs of malnutrition. Malnutrition, the immune system, and 【L2】______ diseases operate in a cyclical manner: infectious diseases have deleterious effects on 【L3】______, and nutritional deficiencies can lower the 【L4】______ of the immune system which affects the body’s ability to resist infections. Similarly, malnutrition of both macronutrients (such as 【L5】______and energy) and micronutrients (such as iron, zinc, and vitamins)increase susceptibility to HIV infections by 【L6】______the immune system and through other biological 【L7】______. Depletion of macronutrients and micronutrients promotes viral replication that 【L8】______ greater risks of HIV transmission from mother-to-child as well as those through sexual transmission. Increased mother-to-child 【L9】______ is related to specific deficiencies in micronutrients such as 【L10】______. Further, anemia, a decrease in the number of 【L11】______, increases viral shedding in the birth canal, which also increases risk of mother-to-child transmission. Without these 【L12】______ nutrients, the body lacks the 【L13】______ mechanisms to resist infections. At the same time, HIV lowers the body’s ability to 【L14】______ essential nutrients. HIV infection can affect the production of 【L15】______ that interfere with the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
   In the United States, 11.1 percent of households struggle with 【L16】______. Food insecurity refers to the lack of access to quality food for a 【L17】______. The rate of hunger and malnutrition in 【L18】______ headed households was three times the 【L19】______ at 30. 2 percent. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 10 percent of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean are 【L20】______by hunger and malnutrition.
【L16】
Malnutrition and the Diseases of Poverty
   Malnutrition disproportionately affects those in sub-Saharan Africa. Over 35 percent of children under the age of 5 in sub-Saharan Africa show physical signs of malnutrition. Malnutrition, the immune system, and infectious diseases operate in a cyclical manner: infectious diseases have deleterious effects on nutritional status, and nutritional deficiencies can lower the strength of the immune system which affects the body’s ability to resist infections. Similarly, malnutrition of both macronutrients (such as protein and energy)and micronutrients (such as iron, zinc, and vitamins)increase susceptibility to HIV infections by interfering with the immune system and through other biological mechanisms. Depletion of macronutrients and micronutrients promotes viral replication that contributes to greater risks of HIV transmission from mother-to-child as well as those through sexual transmission. Increased mother-to-child transmission is related to specific deficiencies in micronutrients such as vitamin A. Further, anemia, a decrease in the number of red blood cells, increases viral shedding in the birth canal, which also increases risk of mother-to-child transmission. Without these vital nutrients, the body lacks the defense mechanisms to resist infections. At the same time, HIV lowers the body’s ability to intake essential nutrients. HIV infection can affect the production of hormones that interfere with the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
   In the United States, 11. 1 percent of households struggle with food insecurity. Food insecurity refers to the lack of access to quality food for a healthy lifestyle. The rate of hunger and malnutrition in female headed households was three times the national average at 30. 2 percent. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 10 percent of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean are affected by hunger and malnutrition.

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答案food insecurity

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