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  3. Oceanography has been defined as "the application of all sciences to the study of the sea". Before the nineteenth century, scien

Oceanography has been defined as "the application of all sciences to the study of the sea". Before the nineteenth century, scien

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问题     Oceanography has been defined as "the application of all sciences to the study of the sea". Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little mason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.
    The first time that the question "what is at the bottom of the oceans" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Manry had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings amused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
    The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early  attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. Within a few years, oceanography was under way. In 1872, Thomson led a scientific expedition,  which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.
"Defied" in the 3rd paragraph probably means"______."
选项 A、doubted
B、gave proof to
C、challenged
D、agreed to
答案C
解析 词义题。本题问的是：第3段中出现的“defied”一词的意思是______。Defied出现在第3段第2句里“At the early attempts，the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths，a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea”。本句的意思是：最初的几次尝试都失败了，当人们从海底取出电缆要进行维修时，发现电缆上覆盖了一层生物，这一事实违背了当时认为深海里没有生命存在的科学观点。选项C challenge可以表示“对……质疑，反对，违背”之意，因此它是正确答案。
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