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  3. Some people describe Darwinian evolution as "only a theory". Try explaining that to the friends and relatives of the 700,000 peo

Some people describe Darwinian evolution as "only a theory". Try explaining that to the friends and relatives of the 700,000 peo

admin2019-08-08  9
问题    Some people describe Darwinian evolution as "only a theory". Try explaining that to the friends and relatives of the 700,000 people killed each year by drug-resistant infections. Resistance to antimicrobial medicines such as antibiotics is caused by the survival of the fittest. Unfortunately, fit microbes mean unfit human beings. Drug-resistance is not only one of the clearest examples of evolution in action; it is also the one with the biggest immediate human cost.
   Pessimists might be forgiven for thinking that they have heard this argument before. People have been worried about resistance since antibiotics began being used in large quantities during the late 1940s. Their conclusion that bacterial diseases might again become epidemic as a result has proved false and will remain so. That is because the decline of common 19th-century infections was thanks to better housing, drains and clean water, not penicillin.
   The real danger is more subtle—but grave nonetheless. 【F1】The fact that improvements in public health should eventually drive down tuberculosis (肺结核) rates in India hardly makes up for the loss of 60.000 newborn children every year to drug-resistant infections. Wherever there is widespread infection, there is resistance to its treatment.
   【F2】The spread of resistance is an example of the tragedy of the commons; the costs of what is being lost are not seen by the people who are responsible. You keep cattle? Add antibiotics to their feed to enhance growth. The cost in terms of increased resistance is borne by society as a whole. You have a sore throat? Take antibiotics in case it is bacterial.
   The lack of an incentive to do the right thing is hard to correct. In some health-care systems, doctors are rewarded for writing prescriptions. 【F3】Patients suffer no immediate harm when they neglect to complete drug courses after their symptoms have cleared up, leaving the most drug-resistant bugs alive. 【F4】Because many people mistakenly believe that human beings, not bacteria, develop resistance, they do not realise that they are doing anything wrong.
   Because antimicrobial resistance has no single solution, it must be fought on many fronts. Start with consumption. The use of antibiotics to accelerate growth in farm animals can be banned by agriculture ministries. In both people and animals, policy should be to vaccinate more so as to stop infections before they start. By the same logic, hospitals and other breeding grounds for resistant bugs should prevent infections by practising better hygiene. 【F5】Governments should educate the public about how antibiotics work and how they can help halt the spread of resistance. Such policies cannot reverse the tragedy of the commons, but they can make it a lot less tragic.
【F1】
选项
答案印度公众健康水平的提高应该最终能降低肺结核患病率，这个事实几乎不能弥补每年6万名新生儿死于抗药感染的损失。
解析 ①本句为主从复合句，包含一个同位语从句。同位语从句中in public health作improvements的后置定语，限定improvements的范围。句中的in India在从句中作地点状语，说明该事件发生的具体地点。②主句为主谓宾结构，其宾语为the loss，其后短语of 60，000 newborn children every year to drug-resistant infections作后置定语，说明the loss的内容。其中every year在句中作时间状语。不定式短语to drug-resistant infections作60，000 newborn children的补足语，补充说明这六万名新生儿是抗药感染的。
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