2. 外语
  3. In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun (幕府时代的将军) to the humblest samurai (武士), found themselves un

In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun (幕府时代的将军) to the humblest samurai (武士), found themselves un

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问题     In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun (幕府时代的将军) to the humblest samurai (武士), found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’ failure to adjust to rapidly expanding economy. But the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’ income , despite the increase in rice production among their tenant framers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as form their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.
    It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were mines already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.
    Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet
The word "this" in the last sentence of paragraph 2 refers to______.
选项 A、the difficulty to increasing government income by other means
B、the importance of commerce in feudal Japan
C、the search of Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns for solvency
D、the unfairness of the tax structure in eighteenth-century Japan
答案A
解析 原文第二段指出“the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue”，并且列举了“Cash profits from government-owned mines”“Opening up new farmland”“Direct taxation”三种可能取得收入的来源，最后总结说“This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income”，这使德川将军成为政府收入的潜在商业来源。综上可知，“this”指代的是以其他方式增加政府收入的困难。
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