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  3. War has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems on missiles, touch virtually every square yard of the

War has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems on missiles, touch virtually every square yard of the

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问题     War has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems on missiles, touch virtually every square yard of the earth’s surface. War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the traditional goals of conflict. Control of territory carries with it the obligation to provide subject peoples certain administrative, health, education, and other social services. Such obligations far outweigh the benefits of control. If the ruled population is ethnically or racially different from the rulers, tensions and chronic unrest often exist which further reduce the benefits and increase the costs of domination. Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power and, in the absence of high levels of economic development, can impose severe burdens on food supply, jobs, and the broad range of services expected of modern governments. The noneconomic security reasons for the control of territory have been progressively undermined by the advances of modern technology. The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly outweighed by the benefits of persuading that nation to produce and exchange goods and services. In brief, imperialism no longer pays.
    Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 80 centuries since men and women settled in cities and thereby became "civilized", but the modernization of the past 80 years has fundamentally changed the role and function of war. In premodernized societies, successful warfare brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of which were the stored wealth of the defeated. Equally important was human labor--control over people as slaves or levies for the victor’s army, and there was the productive capacity--agricultural lands and mines. Successful warfare also produced psychic benefits. The removal or destruction of a threat brought a sense of security, and power gained over others created pride and national self-esteem.
    War was accepted in the premodernized society as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of change, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war made it a vital part of literature and legends.  
The author most likely places the word "civilized” in quotation marks (in paragraph 2) in order to ______.
选项 A、show dissatisfaction at not having found a better word
B、acknowledge that the word was borrowed from another source
C、express irony that war should be a part of civilization
D、raise a question about the value of war in modernized society
答案C
解析 作者在第二段给civilized这个词加引号很可能是对战争应成为文明的组成部分这种观点进行讽刺。本文作者在讨论战争——一种似乎不文明的活动。然而作者争辩说，战争至少在现代化之前的时代是某些经济和社会力量的必然结果。用civilized(文明的，开化的)这个词具有讽刺意味。
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