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  3. Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contribute

Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contribute

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问题     Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving a’s a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts— detract from well-being.
    For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970’s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.
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答案 要理解这种转变，需要考察一下能源和人类幸福之间的双重关系。从积极的方面来看，能源促进了人类幸福，不仅为经济生产提供了必要的投人，还为人类提供了消费服务，如供热和照明等。但另一方面，消耗能源的代价一不但包括投入开采和应用能源的资金和其他资源，而且包括能源对环境和社会政治所造成的影响——降低了人类幸福的程度。 在人类历史的长河中，人们大部分时间主要考虑的是能源消耗给人类带来幸福的方面。能源资源的不足，更常见的是开采、转化和分配这些资源的技术力量的缺乏，组织的混乱导致能源效益不足，这种情况使得麻烦越来越多，资源越来越匮乏，受到的限制也越来越多。然而，20世纪70年代出现了一个转折。在过去的几十年，能源的货币成本保持稳定或者说在下降，其环境和社会成本一直是被当做次要成本在考虑。而现在，统观能源的各方面，其成本是在增加的。过高的能源成本可能导致能源供应不足。扩展某种形式能源的量会使成本超过其创造的利益，这也是可以想象的。
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