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  3. Communication is a dynamic process with the interacting components of sending, receiving and feedback. Nonverbal cues may provid

Communication is a dynamic process with the interacting components of sending, receiving and feedback. Nonverbal cues may provid

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问题     Communication is a dynamic process with the interacting components of sending, receiving and feedback. Nonverbal cues may provide clarity or contradiction for a message being sent. If an ironic statement is made with a smile, the receiver knows to find it humorous instead of disconcerting. If we are sending a verbal message intending to deceive and avert our eyes, the receiver knows we may be lying. Nonverbal cues also influence how we perceive and are perceived. Familiar faces may make us more likely to start a relationship and continue it. Nervous facial expression hinders other’s perception of our competence and persuasiveness. Nonverbal cues can provide information we may not want dispelled. Our decoding ability arises at a young age and increases as we get older, influencing our daily lives whether we are aware of it or not.
    Nonverbal communication has many functions in the communication process. It regulates relationships and may support or replace verbal communication. Among the many factors contributing to nonverbal communication are sending and receiving ability and accuracy, perception of appropriate social roles, and cognitive desire for interpersonal involvement or assessment. Difficulties may arise if communicators are unaware of the types of messages they are sending and how the receiver is interpreting those messages. Discrepancy may also arise if the sender’s message does not fit the receiver’s perception of social norms for the particular situation. All parties involved must desire interaction in order for reciprocal communication to occur. Research in nonverbal communication provides awareness and possible solutions to many communication problems.
    The ambiguous nature of emotion creates a wide variety of possible interpretations for both sender and receiver. Our ability to nonverbally communicate accurately is inhibited by internal and external properties. Humans do not display pure emotion. Our affective states are a mixture of varying quantities and strength of emotion. The neurophysiological composition of the human body defines our ability to convey opposing and overlapping emotions at the same time. For example, anger is often accompanied by anxiety and fear. The emotional overlap often creates confusing messages for the receiver. Generally there is not a thorough understanding of our own states. Studies have shown that a few emotions, such as happiness, sadness, anger and fear, can be distinguished cross-culturally. Other behavioral manifestations of emotion lie on a continuum, defined by the communicator’s cultural background.
According to the text, when might communication difficulties arise?
选项 A、When the messages sent do not fit the social norms expected by the receiver.
B、When there is mutual distrust between the involved parties.
C、When the parties involved strongly desire interaction.
D、When the parties involved fail to use nonverbal cues.
答案A
解析 属事实细节题。第二段明确谈到：“如果发出者的信息与接收者对特定场景社会准则的认识不相符，还会出现龃龉。”
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