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  3. Humans have never lacked for ways to get wasted. The natural world is full of soothing but addictive leaves and fruits and fungi

Humans have never lacked for ways to get wasted. The natural world is full of soothing but addictive leaves and fruits and fungi

admin2014-09-05  40
问题     Humans have never lacked for ways to get wasted. The natural world is full of soothing but addictive leaves and fruits and fungi, and for centuries, science has added them to the pharmacopoeia to relieve the pain of patients. In the past two decades, that’s been especially true. As the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations developed new policies to treat pain more actively, approaching it not just as an unfortunate side effect of illness but as a fifth vital sign, along with temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure,a bounty of new opoids(鸦片类药物)has rolled off Big Pharma’s production line.
    There was fentanyl,a synthetic opioid around since the 1960s that went into wide use as a treatment for cancer pain in the 1990s. That was followed by Oxycodone,a short-acting drug for more routine pain, and after that came Oxycontin, a 12-hour formulation of the same powerful pill. Finally came hydrocodone. The government considers hydrocodone a Schedule III drug—one with a " moderate or low " risk of dependency, as opposed to Schedule II’s,which carry a "severe"risk. Physicians must submit a written prescription for Schedule II drugs; for Schedule Ill’s, they just phone the pharmacy.(Schedule I substances are drugs like heroin that are never prescribed.)For patients, that wealth of choices spelled danger.
    The result has hardly been surprising. Since 1990, there has been a tenfold increase in prescriptions for opioids in the U. S. , according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCP). In 1990 there were barely 6,000 deaths from accidental drug poisoning in the U. S. By 2007 that number had nearly quintupled,to 27,658.
    Health officials do not tease out which drug is responsible for every death, and it’s not always possible. "There may be lots of drugs on board," says Cathy Barber, director of the Injury Control Research Center at the Harvard School of Public Health. " Is it the opioid that caused the death? Or is it the combination of opioid, benzodiazepine and a cocktail the person had?" Still,most experts agree that nothing but the exploding availability of opioids could be behind the exploding rate of death.
    Despite such heavy death toll, the suivellance over these popular pills faces regulatory maze. In early 2009,the FDA announced that it was initiating a "risk-evaluation and mitigation strategy". The regulations the FDA is empowered to issue include requiring manufacturers to provide better information to patients and doctors, requiring doctors to meet certain educational criteria before writing opioid prescriptions and limiting the number of docs and pharmacies allowed to prescribe or dispense the drugs. "And with all that,"warns Dr. John Jenkins, director of the FDA’s Office of New Drugs, " we do still have to make sure patients have access to drugs they need. "Any regulations the FDA does impose won’t be announced until 2011 at the earliest and could take a year or more to roll out. That leaves millions of people continuing to fill prescriptions, tens of thousands per year dying and patients in genuine pain wondering when a needed medication will relieve their suffering—and when it could lead to something worse.
It can be inferred from the passage that______.
选项 A、medical community’ s adovacy pushes opoid misuse
B、doctor is the chief criminal for opoid abuse
C、many opoids are prescribed for nonmedical use
D、the slow progress of FDA’ s will leave many patients victims of medical accidents
答案A
解析 本题是针对全文多处细节内容的推理引申。[A]可根据第一段内容判断出来。第一段提到近几年医疗组织鉴定联合委员会推出了新的政策，要求对病患的疼痛采取更加积极的治疗，并且将疼痛与心率，呼吸频率，血压和体温一起并称作生命五大体征。在这一背景下，医药公司才积极研制并生产出了许多新的鸦片类药物，为这种药物的泛滥埋下隐患。因此[A]正确。[B]错在过于绝对，文中并没有就药物泛滥的原因做出总结，但是我们町以大致判断有这样几个原因：医疗团体和医药公司的推动，医生的不谨慎，药品分级制度的不严谨和监管机构的表现不力等。[C]无中生有，虽然有这个可能，但是文中并未提及。[D]利用文章最后一句活设置干扰，因为FDA最早要到2011年才能推出监管细则，这样一来作者担心又有很多人会因为药物泛滥而无辜死亡了。这里偷梁换柱，将“药物泛滥”改成了“医疗事故”。
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