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  3. In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcem

In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcem

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问题     In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_____ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_____, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_____ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4)_____. The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_____ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_____, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_____
    Some psychologists laid great (8)_____ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_____ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10)_____, if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11)_____ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.
    Educational psychologists are, (12)_____, moving away from this simple, early (13)_____ of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14)_____ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_____ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_____ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_____ misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18)_____ may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19)_____ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_____ grasped.

选项 A、instance
B、analysis
C、instruction
D、advice
答案C
解析 语义衔接题。本句前一句的句意是：在教学环境中，这些术语可作如下定义。由这句话我们看出下面的内容是对刺激、反应和强化的解释。本句的时间状语从句中提到了老师的几个动作：给出…、设定难题、提出问题。在本段第五句中作者又提到：The pupil’s action，carrying out the instruction，or solving the problem，or answering the question．．，显然作者这里是指学生按照老师的指令完成任务，因此句中的各动作是对前面老师给出动作的重复。由该句中的instruction可以看出这里应该填入instruction，这是词汇复现。instance意为"实例，例证"，analysis意为"分析"，advice意为"建议"。这几个词与句子上下文均没有语义逻辑关系，故应排除。
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