首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains al coholism by considering al
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains al coholism by considering al
admin
2010-02-20
79
问题
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains al coholism by considering alcohol ingestion as reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner-drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one’ or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach -avoidance "situation. Conger trained one group rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the cue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: Conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some. cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learn ed. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to in duce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other re searchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
The author maintains that habituation to excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. The method employed to do so, experimentally, which used reinforcement is______.
选项
A、the introduction of alcohol into the bloodstream by infection
B、the increase of the concentration of alcohol in the subject’s drinking water
C、the use of anxiety in an avoidance - approach pattern
D、increasing the amount of alcohol the subject must drink each time before giving it a reward
答案
D
解析
最后一段第三句用了两种方法实验,第一种是机械的,第二种是通过加强刺激。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/cSvO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、Theyarefriendlyneighbors.B、Theyarecompanycolleagues.C、Theyarehusbandandwife.D、Theyareguideandtourist.B
ItwasadaythatMichaelEisnerwouldundoubtedlyliketoforget.SittinginaLosAngeleswitnessboxforfourhourslastweek
A、Thewoman’shobbies.B、Thenightlifeinthecity.C、Thedifferencebetweenrurallifeandurbanlife.D、Howtomakefriendsi
A、Donnashouldgiveherfriendsachancetoexplain.B、Donnashouldn’tbothertotrytochangeherfriends’opinion.C、Donna’sf
A、Aformaltalkbetweenthebossandhissecretary.B、Aninformaltalkbetweentwofriends.C、Aformaltalkbetweenaprofessor
A、Lossofbodywatercanleadtothemalfunctionofyourbrain.B、Lossofbodyweightcanhelpimproveyourbrainperformance.C
A、Theauditordoubtedifthefigureswereaccurate.B、Theauditoraskedtheaccountantacoupleofquestions.C、Theauditorprom
A、Frenchcheeseandwhitewine.B、Salmon.C、Duck.D、ChefsaladandFrenchcheese.B
IfyouwanttoseeaperformancebytheBeijingPekingOperaTheatre,whichphonenumberwouldyouring?Supposingyouhavesom
DangersofUsingComputerTerminalsUndoubtedly,thecomputerhasgreatlyincreasedhumanbeing’sworkingcapacityandintel
随机试题
当出现恶性通货膨胀时,应该采用的政策是
干式激光胶片在片基的底面涂有一层深色的吸光物质,以吸收产生光渗现象的光线防止反射光对乳剂再曝光,提高影像清晰度,这层是
患者产后3天,突发寒战高热,腰痛,尿急、尿痛,舌红苔薄黄。检查:体温39.5℃,肾区叩击痛,血象白细胞14×109/L,中性粒细胞0.86,尿白细胞31个/高倍视野。其诊断是
大体积混凝土构筑物产生裂缝的原因有()。
下列说法符合城建税和教育费附加规定的有()。
下列有关调整旅游者情绪不正确的是()
下列对合同的分类正确的是________。
甲公司2×17年发生广告费1000万元,至年末已全额支付给广告公司。税法规定,企业发生的广告费、业务宣传费不超过当年销售收入15%的部分允许税前扣除,超过部分允许结转以后年度税前扣除。甲公司2×17年实现销售收入6000万元。下列关于甲公司的处理,不正
根据《中华人民共和国教师法》规定,下列属于教师享有的权利是()。
某单位的办公室秘书小马接到领导的指示,要求其提供一份最新的中国互联网络发展状况统计情况。小马从网上下载了一份未经整理的原稿,按下列要求帮助他对该文档进行排版操作并按指定的文件名进行保存:打开考生文件夹下的文档“Word素材.docx”,将其另存为“中
最新回复
(
0
)