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  3. Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and signific

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and signific

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问题     Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks. Civil right activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack of access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500, 000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government, Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.
    Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to 1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.
    Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investment in new plants, staff, equipment and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
    A second risk is that White owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionment through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil right groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as "fronts" with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.
    Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
Notes:
civil rights activists 公民权利激进分子
Hispanics 西班牙后裔美国人
sizable orders 大额订单
subcontract 转包合同
on forms filed with the government 在政府存档备案
percentage goals 指标
apportionment 分配，分派
public works 市政工程
letup 减弱，缓和
promising as it is... 这是as引导的上步状语从句，表语倒装了
patronage 优惠
concern n. 公司
and the like 以及诸如此类的
crippling fixed expenses 引起损失的固定开支
the world of 大量的
bid 投标
to cash in on ...靠......赚钱
team up 一起工作, 合作
"fronts" 此处意为"摆门面"
Complacency 自满
选项 A、present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.
B、describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.
C、propose a temporary solution to a problem.
D、analyze a frequent source of disagreement.
答案B
解析 全文主旨题。本题问：本文的主要写作目的是什么?第1段中阐述了"最近几年来，美国少数民族企业在面临新的、巨大危险的同时，也遇到了前所未有的良好机遇"。"少数民族团体很难在商业界立足，…因为它们无法得到大额订单和分包合同。现在国会已经同意通过法律要求被奖励了价值50万美元以上的联邦合同企业要尽力找少数民族分包者，并将有关情况由政府登记备案"。接着在第2段中举例说明。第3段起始句写道："尽管资助的增加给少数民族企业带来了很大的希望，这样做同时也给它们带来了风险"。然后，从三个方面说明了这种风险。可见作者写本文的目的在于描述一种情况，并说明其不足之处。注意：解这类题要求有高度的总结归纳、抽象概括的能力。训练这种能力的方法是抓住各段落的主题句，然后串起来进行抽象归纳，从而把握全文梗概。
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