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  3. A number of ethical questions cluster around both ends of the human life span. Whether abortion is morally justifiable has popul

A number of ethical questions cluster around both ends of the human life span. Whether abortion is morally justifiable has popul

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问题     A number of ethical questions cluster around both ends of the human life span. Whether abortion is morally justifiable has popularly been seen as depending on our answer to the question " When does a human life begin?" Many philosophers believe this to be the wrong question to ask because it suggests that there might be a factual answer that we can somehow discover through advances in science.【F1】Instead, these philosophers think we need to ask what it is that makes killing a human being wrong and then consider whether these characteristics, whatever they might be, apply to the fetus in an abortion. There is no generally agreed upon answer, yet some philosophers have presented surprisingly strong arguments to the effect that not only the fetus but even the newborn infant has the right to life.
    Such views have been hotly contested, especially by those who claim that all human life, irrespective of its characteristics, must be regarded as sacrosanct. The task for those who defend the sanctity of human life is to explain why human life, no matter what its characteristics, is specially worthy of protection.【F2】Explanation could no doubt be provided in terms of such traditional Christian doctrines as that all humans are made in the image of God or that all humans have an immortal soul. In the current debate , however, the opponents of abortion have eschewed religious arguments of this kind without finding a convincing secular alternative.
    Somewhat similar issues are raised by euthanasia when it is nonvoluntary, as for example, in the case of severely disabled newborn babies.【F3】Euthanasia, however, can be voluntary, and this has brought it support from some who hold that the state should not interfere with the free, informed choices of its citizens in matters that do not cause others harm.【F4】Opposition to voluntary euthanasia has centered on practical matters such as the difficulty of adequate safeguards and on the argument that it would lead to a "slippery slope" that would take us to nonvoluntary euthanasia and eventually to the compulsory involuntary killing of those the state considers to be socially undesirable.
     【F5】Philosophers have also canvassed the moral significance of the distinction between killing and allowing to die, which is reflected in the fact that many physicians will allow a patient with an incurable condition to die when life could still be prolonged, but they will not take active steps to end the patient’s life.
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答案相反，这些哲学家认为我们首先要探究为什么杀人是不对的，进而需要思考这些原因所涉及的因素是否符合流产胎儿的情况，无论这些因素是什么。
解析 并列复合句。该句子的主干是主谓宾结构，只是宾语的构成比较复杂，包含了一个强调句。该强调句的正常语序是：it is what that makes killing a human being wrong…由于前面动词是ask，因此必须将what提前变成宾语。主句的宾语从句去掉强调句可改写为：we need toask the thing that makes killing a human being wrong．因该句较多句型复合在一起，可先从最小的从句开始，由里往外理清句意，再用符合汉语的逻辑连接起来。另外，该句的后半部分的让步状语从句whatever they might be翻译时要注意调整位置，放在句末比较符合汉语习惯。
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