首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
How Much Higher? How Much Faster? A)Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation b
How Much Higher? How Much Faster? A)Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation b
admin
2015-01-31
42
问题
How Much Higher? How Much Faster?
A)Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.
B)For the so-called power events—that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump-times and distances have improved ten to twenty percent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran to marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty percent faster.
C)No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics. "The athlete must choose his parents carefully," says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oft-cited adage.
D)Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics-and greater rewards to tempt athletes-it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. "Was there someone like[sprinter]Michael Johnson in the 1920s?" Dapena asks. "I’m sure there was, but his talent was probably never realized."
E)Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that "genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going." Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are "running on their genetics".
F)By applying more scientific methods, "they’re going to go much faster". These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.
G)Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power—the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yesis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off. Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.
H)Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. "Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements," Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.
I)Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. "If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country," Yessis asserts, "they would be breaking records left and right." He will not predict by how much, however: "Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to improve."
J)One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton’ s law to these motions, "we can say that this athlete’ s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off," says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.
K)Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations.
L)Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment. In Fosbury’s case, it was the cushions that jumpers land on. Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust. But by Fosbury’s time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for flopping.
M)In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. "Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue," says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. "Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We’re got a long way to go." For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken.
According to Jesus Dapena, genetics should be given to the priority among all elements.
选项
答案
C
解析
根据题干人名关键词“Jesus Dapena”,定位于C段。该段第一句后半句明确表明,最重要的因素是基因,后又引用Jesus Dapena说的话作为例证,例如“运动员必须小心选择自己的父母”。可知他也认同基因的重要性。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/d3h7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Lowlevelsofliteracyandnumeracyhaveadamagingimpactonalmosteveryaspectofadultlife,accordingtoasurveypublished
TheAmericanwarondrugshasgottenallthetypesinrecentyears,butalcoholismisstillthenation’smostseriousaddiction.
TheAmericanwarondrugshasgottenallthetypesinrecentyears,butalcoholismisstillthenation’smostseriousaddiction.
DoestheWorldFaceaFutureofWaterWars?[A]Throughouthistory,peoplehavefoughtbitterwarsoverpoliticalideology,natio
A、Tohelppeopleunderstandhorsesbetter.B、Tohelppeopleenjoyafamilyatmosphere.C、Tohelppeoplehavefunaboveotherthi
Part-TimeVegetarians[A]Forthelast15years,DawnJacksonBlatnerhasbeenwhat’snowcalleda"flexitarian"or"almostveget
Languageis,andshouldbe,alivingthing,constantlyenrichedwithnewwordsandformsofexpression.Butthereisavitaldis
InancienttimestheChinesefarmedforaliving,andalwayslivedontheland【B1】______theirancestorsandnevermovedwithout
WhenthePortuguesebegantradingwithChinaintheearly1500s,【C1】______wasoneoftheluxurygoodstheycarriedhomeintheir
随机试题
求。
患者,男性,37岁,1年以来间断出现上腹痛,多于空腹发生,进食后疼痛可缓解。平时伴有恶心、打嗝、反酸,查体在剑突右侧有局限压痛,无反跳痛。为确诊应首选的检查是
A、鱼腥草B、土茯苓C、马齿苋D、半边莲E、山豆根治疗咽,喉肿痛的要药是
妊娠合并心脏病的种类,不包括
全部实行义务兵役制的警种是()。
人们常说“教学有法,而无定法”,这句话反映了教师应具备的素质是()。
某中学自2010年起试行学生行为评价体系。最近,校学生处调查了学生对该评价体系的满意程度。数据显示,得分高的学生对该评价体系的满意度都很高。学生处由此得出结论:表现好的学生对这个评价体系都很满意。该校学生处的结论基于以下哪一项假设?
随着2018年秋季招聘拉开序幕,武汉、南京、成都、长沙、西安等十多个城市相继出台应届生就业优惠政策,“抢人大战”提前开启。二线城市有望成为应届大学生就业创业首选。今年更多二线城市的留人政策不再仅仅局限于高端技术人才,而是把目光瞄准近800万大学毕业生。政策
下列四项中不属于微型计算机主要性能指标的是
TheHousingCommitteehasdecidedtogive______totheyoungmarriedcouplewithonlyonechild.
最新回复
(
0
)