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  3. Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

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问题     Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University who studied mother-child interactions over the course of several years found that the type of praise children receive affects their attitudes toward challenges later in life.
    Specifically, praise that came with feedback about their behavior and the choices that toddlers made helped them to cope better with difficult experiences five years later, compared with compliments that focused more on the child himself, like "You’re a good boy." The study, which appears in the journal Child Development, is the first major study of praise and childhood development done outside of a lab setting.
    In the study, researches found that the children who grew up with more process praise (comments such as "You worked really hard" or "You’re doing a great job," which emphasize the child’s actions.) were more open to challenge, and were able to identify more ways of overcoming difficult problems. They were also more likely to say that they could improve their intelligence with hard work. While person praise (comments like "You’re so smart" or "You’re so good," which focus on a child’s inherent qualities.) didn’t seem to have any negative effect on the children, the study suggests that process praise teaches children that their talents and abilities can be developed and improved, while person praise sends the message that their abilities are fixed and therefore not easily altered.
    "This study is monumental," says Carol Dweck, a co-author of the study and a professor at Stanford University whose earlier research laid the foundation for understanding the role of praise in child development.
    Another revelation from the study involved how praise affects boys and girls differently. Parents gave boys and girls the same amount of praise, but of the encouragement boys received, 24％ was process praise, while girls received only 10％ of this type. Previous research suggested this pattern, but Gunderson, an assistant professor of psychology at Temple University, says she was surprised by how great the difference was. The inequality could have consequences for how girls evaluate their abilities as they progress in school and may play a role in aggravating some of the self-esteem issues that become more common among teens and adolescents.
    The findings send a clear message to parents. "The biggest takeaway is that parent praise matters," Dweck says. "The parents, even when the children are very young, are starting to shape the child’s motivation, the children’s attitudes toward themselves and their stance to the world." Not all praise, it seems, is equal.
It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that ________.
选项 A、the more praise children receive, the better
B、praise of different types has different effects
C、praise plays a major role in childhood development
D、praise can help children deal with hardship better
答案B
解析 根据题干可直接定位到第一、第二段。第一段第一句开门见山，指出鼓励和表扬有多种方式，而且对孩子的发展影响不同。第二段开头的Specially一词表明第二段是对第一段的具体说明，进一步指出具体某种表扬方式能让孩子日后更好地处理困难情况，故确定B项正确。A项和C项的表述在前两段中没有提到，两段文字围绕着表扬类型对儿童的不同影响陈述，而并非讲表扬本身的多少对孩子发展的影响。D项所述过于宽泛，第二段第一句中修饰praise的定语从句进行了限定，只有是某种表扬方式才能帮助孩子日后更好地应对困难，并非所有praise都有这种作用，故D项错误。
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