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  3. Among the many ways in which people communicate through speech, public speaking has probably received more study and attracted m

Among the many ways in which people communicate through speech, public speaking has probably received more study and attracted m

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问题   Among the many ways in which people communicate through speech, public speaking has probably received more study and attracted more attention than any other. Politicians campaigning for public office, sales-people presenting products, and preachers delivering sermons all depend upon this form of public communication. Even people who do not make speaking a part of their daily work are often asked to make public speeches: students at graduation, for instance, or members of churches, clubs, or other organizations. Nearly every-one speaks in public at some time or other, and those who perform the task well often become leaders.
  There are many masons for speaking in public. A public speaker may hope to teach an audience about new ideas, for example, or provide information about some topic. Creating a good feeling or entertaining an audience may be another purpose. Public speakers, however, most often seek to persuade an audience to adopt new opinions, to take certain actions, or to see the world in a new way.
  Public speakers usually know well in advance when they are scheduled to make an address. Consequent-ly, they are able to prepare their message before they deliver it. Sometimes, though, speakers must deliver the message unprepared, or off the cuff, such as when they are asked to offer a toast at a wedding reception or to participate in a televised debate or interview.
  When they do not have to speak unprepared, most speakers write their own speeches. Politicians and business executives sometimes employ professional writers who prepare their speeches for them. These professional writers may work alone or in small teams. Although the speaker may have some input into the contents of the speech, the writers sometimes have a great influence over the opinions expressed by their employers. Regardless of how a speech is prepared, the person who delivers it is given credit for its effect upon its hearers.  
In Paragraph 3, the expression "deliver the message...off the cuff" means ______ .
选项 A、speak at a large reception
B、speak on television
C、speak according to the schedule
D、speak without preparation
答案D
解析 指代题。off the cuff是一个美国俚语，意为：即兴地；非正式地。原文中该词组出现在连接词or之后，借此我们不难寻到文中线索unprepared这个近义结构。
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