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  3. Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions arid appearance

Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions arid appearance

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问题     Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions arid appearance were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics (热力学) , but because they were first pictures in the minds of those who built them.
    The creative shaping process of a technologist’s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact (人工制品) that exists. For example, in designing a diesel (柴油) engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of Tightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be the valves played? Should it have a long or short piston(活塞)? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience? by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculation, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary. Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock in trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail "hard thinking", nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric (等距画法) views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite (必要的) abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.
    If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem solving, are not provided, we call expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advance engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snows into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations(过失) ; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.
The main point of the first two paragraphs can best be illustrated as
选项 A、when a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair it
B、a telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal thought
C、the designer of a new refrigerator should consider the designs of other refrigerators before deciding on its final form
D、the distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer’s conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site
答案D
解析 仔细阅读并分析第一、二段的内容可推知本题的正确答案为D。其中主要论述非言语思考在工程设计中的重要性，尤其是在创造性的构型设计中的作用。
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